Table 1.
Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among adults in Cambodia
| Variable name | N (%) | IFG prevalence (95% CI) | P-value | Diabetes prevalence (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall |
3660 (100.0) |
4.4 (3.6, 5.3) |
|
6.4 (5.6, 7.3) |
|
| Age in years |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
|
18–29
|
465 (13.6) |
1.4 (0.6, 3.3) |
0.9 (0.4, 2.1) |
||
|
30–39
|
704 (20.5) |
4.5 (2.8, 7.2) |
3.3 (2.1, 5.3) |
||
|
40–49
|
737 (21.5) |
5.8 (4.0, 8.2) |
7.9 (5.9, 10.6) |
||
|
50–59
|
819 (23.9) |
8.9 (6.6, 11.9) |
16.7 (13.6, 20.2) |
||
|
60–69
|
703 (20.5) |
8.5 (6.2, 11.5) |
|
20.9 (17.3, 25.0) |
|
| Sex |
|
|
0.111 |
|
0.399 |
|
Male
|
1289 (35.2) |
4.4 (3.3, 5.9) |
5.4 (4.3, 6.8) |
||
|
Female
|
2371 (64.8) |
4.3 (3.4, 5.5) |
|
7.5 (6.4, 8.8) |
|
| Highest educational level |
|
|
0.001 |
|
0.050 |
|
No formal schooling
|
2142 (58.5) |
5.5 (4.3, 7.0) |
8.9 (7.5, 10.5) |
||
|
Primary school completed
|
678 (18.5) |
4.1 (2.4, 6.8) |
3.7 (2.6, 5.1) |
||
|
Secondary school completed
|
497 (13.6) |
3.2 (2.0, 5.0) |
6.0 (4.2, 8.5) |
||
|
High school or higher education completed
|
343 (9.4) |
2.8 (1.4, 5.5) |
|
3.5 (2.2, 5.6) |
|
| Marital status |
|
|
0.909 |
|
0.063 |
|
Currently married
|
2528 (69.1) |
4.5 (3.7, 5.6) |
7.1 (6.1, 8.3) |
||
|
Others (never married/separated divorced/widowed)
|
1132 (30.9) |
4.0 (2.6, 6.0) |
|
4.7 (3.6, 6.2) |
|
| Employment status |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
0.103 |
|
Government employee
|
128 (3.5) |
10.8 (5.5, 20.0) |
5.1 (2.6, 9.7) |
||
|
Non-government employee
|
566 (15.5) |
4.1 (2.7, 6.2) |
4.7 (3.2, 7.0) |
||
|
Self-employed
|
2162 (59.1) |
4.5 (3.4, 5.8) |
6.4 (5.3, 7.6) |
||
|
Unpaid (non-paid, students, homemakers, retirees, unemployed)
|
804 (22.0) |
3.0 (2.1, 4.3) |
|
9.0 (7.0, 11.6) |
|
| BMI |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
|
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2)
|
339 (9.3) |
2.3 (1.0, 5.0) |
2.1 (1.0, 4.3) |
||
|
Normal (18.5–<23 kg/m2)
|
1436 (39.2) |
3.2 (2.3, 4.5) |
4.8 (3.8, 6.0) |
||
|
Overweight (23.0–<27.5 kg/m2)
|
1295 (35.4) |
4.8 (3.3, 6.8) |
8.2 (6.7, 10.0) |
||
|
Obese (≥27.5 kg/m2)
|
590 (16.1) |
9.5 (6.7, 13.3) |
|
12.0 (9.0, 15.9) |
|
| Smoking tobacco product use |
|
|
0.326 |
|
0.666 |
|
Never
|
2752 (75.2) |
4.3 (3.4, 5.4) |
6.3 (5.4, 7.4) |
||
|
Former user
|
347 (9.5) |
4.7 (2.8, 7.6) |
7.6 (5.1, 11.1) |
||
|
Current user
|
561 (15.3) |
4.5 (2.7, 7.6) |
|
6.2 (4.3, 8.7) |
|
| Smokeless tobacco product use |
|
|
0.100 |
|
0.213 |
|
Never
|
3291 (89.9) |
4.3 (3.5, 5.3) |
6.1 (5.2, 7.0) |
||
|
Former user
|
98 (2.7) |
8.3 (3.2, 20.1) |
9.4 (5.1, 16.5) |
||
|
Current user
|
271 (7.4) |
4.8 (2.6, 8.8) |
|
14.7 (9.9, 21.2) |
|
| Alcohol consumption |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.01 |
|
No
|
963 (26.3) |
5.7 (4.0, 8.2) |
8.1 (6.4, 10.2) |
||
|
Occasionally (<once per day)
|
2567 (70.1) |
4.0 (3.1, 5.1) |
5.7 (4.8, 6.8) |
||
|
Daily (≥once per day)
|
130 (3.6) |
6.2 (3.2, 11.7) |
|
13.8 (8.6, 21.5) |
|
| Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.05 |
|
No
|
793 (21.7) |
5.6 (3.9, 8.0) |
11.9 (9.4, 15.0) |
||
|
Occasionally (<once per day)
|
1845 (50.4) |
4.8 (3.7, 6.3) |
5.2 (4.2, 6.4) |
||
|
Daily (≥once per day)
|
1022 (27.9) |
3.0 (2.0, 4.4) |
|
5.7 (4.4, 7.4) |
|
| Fruits consumption |
|
|
0.649 |
|
0.095 |
|
Low (<1.5 servings per day)
|
2672 (73.4) |
4.0 (3.1, 5.1) |
6.2 (5.3, 7.2) |
||
|
Moderate (1.5–2.5 servings per day)
|
434 (11.9) |
4.5 (2.7, 7.4) |
7.4 (5.1, 10.8) |
||
|
Adequate (≥2.5 servings per day)
|
534 (14.7) |
5.6 (3.7, 8.3) |
|
6.3 (4.4, 8.9) |
|
| Vegetable consumption |
|
|
0.368 |
|
0.078 |
|
Low (<1.5 servings per day)
|
1676 (45.8) |
3.9 (2.8, 5.6) |
6.2 (5.1, 7.5) |
||
|
Moderate (1.5–2.5 servings per day)
|
876 (23.9) |
4.4 (3.0, 6.3) |
5.3 (4.0, 7.1) |
||
|
Adequate (≥2.5 servings per day)
|
1108 (30.3) |
4.9 (3.6, 6.6) |
|
7.6 (6.0, 9.5) |
|
| Physical activity |
|
|
<0.05 |
|
0.586 |
|
Low (<150 min of moderate-intensity activity per week or equivalent)
|
226 (6.2) |
1.9 (0.9, 3.9) |
7.9 (4.9, 12.6) |
||
|
Adequate (≥150 min of moderate-intensity activity per week or equivalent)
|
3434 (93.8) |
4.5 (3.7, 5.5) |
|
6.3 (5.5, 7.3) |
|
| Comorbid hypertension |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
|
No
|
2694 (73.6) |
3.7 (2.9, 4.8) |
3.9 (3.2, 4.6) |
||
|
Yes
|
966 (26.4) |
7.8 (5.8, 10.3) |
|
19.8 (16.4, 23.7) |
|
| Household income in quantiles |
|
|
0.336 |
|
<0.05 |
|
Poorest
|
732 (20.0) |
3.5 (2.3, 5.3) |
9.9 (7.6, 12.9) |
||
|
Poorer
|
743 (20.3) |
6.0 (3.9, 9.1) |
5.2 (3.8, 7.0) |
||
|
Middle
|
791 (21.6) |
3.7 (2.5, 5.5) |
4.7 (3.5, 6.3) |
||
|
Richer
|
686 (18.7) |
4.3 (2.9, 6.4) |
5.5 (4.1, 7.4) |
||
|
Richest
|
708 (19.3) |
4.4 (2.6, 7.3) |
|
6.9 (5.0, 9.4) |
|
| Place of residence |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.05 |
|
Rural
|
2274 (62.1) |
4.1 (3.2, 5.3) |
5.6 (4.7, 6.7) |
||
|
Urban
|
1386 (37.9) |
4.9 (3.6, 6.7) |
|
8.3 (6.8, 10.1) |
|
| Region |
|
|
<0.05 |
|
0.372 |
|
Central Plain
|
1758 (48.0) |
4.4 (3.3, 5.8) |
7.2 (6.0, 8.7) |
||
|
Tonle Sap
|
1196 (32.7) |
4.7 (3.3, 6.7) |
6.6 (5.2, 8.3) |
||
|
Coastal and sea
|
216 (5.9) |
3.9 (2.1, 7.3) |
3.8 (2.1, 6.8) |
||
| Plateau and mountains | 490 (13.4) | 3.7 (2.2, 6.4) | 5.1 (3.5, 7.3) |
BMI – body mass index, CI – confidence interval, IFG – impaired fasting glucose