Table 1.

Molecular initiating events of five different therapies with their description and examples of the corresponding drugs.

Therapy	Event	Description	Examples
CAR-T cells	MIE1	Binding of CAR to antigen	Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel; target: BCMA), Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel; target: CD19), Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel; target: CD19); Tecartus (brexucabtagene autoleucel; target: CD19), Carvykti (ciltacabtagene autoleucel; target: BCMA), Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel; target: CD19)
Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs)	MIE2	Binding of CPI to target T cell and formation of immune synapse	Nivolumab (PD-1), Pembrolizumab (PD-1), Avelumab (PDL-1), Ipilimumab (CTLA-4),
T-cell engagers (TCEs)	MIE3	Binding of TCE to both target T cell and antigen expressing cells, and formation of immune synapse	Blinatumomab (CD19), Teclistamab (BCMA), Mosunetuzumab (CD20), Epcoritamab (CD20), Glofitamab (CD20), Elranatamab (BCMA), Talquetamab (GPRC5D)
Crosslinking and activation of T cells	MIE4	Binding of T cell agonist mAb to T cell	Muromonab (OKT3, target: CD3), TGN1412 (CD28)
Activation of FcγR-expressing effector cells	MIE5	Binding of mAb to antigen-expressing cell, interaction of the Fc part of the mAb with FcγR expressing cells, activation of effector functions by FcγR expressing cells	Rituximab (CD20), Alemtuzumab (CD52)

CAR-T cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cellsl MIE, molecular initiating event; CPIs, checkpoint inhibitors; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PDL-1, programmed death-ligand 1; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; TCEs, T-cell engagers; mAb, monoclonal antibody; FcγR, Fc gamma receptor.