Table 1. Overview of therapeutic agents targeting CAFs or associated stromal components tested in clinical trials.

Trials included were selected based on the following criteria: status marked as “ongoing,” “completed,” or “unknown”; funded by the NIH or non-industry sources (e.g., individuals, universities, organizations); initiated within the last 10 years; classified as interventional; and excluded if focused on hematologic malignancies or leukemia.

Target	Drug	Cancer type	Phase	Status/Outcome
FAP	Nectin4–7.19 and FAP-12 CAR-T cellsa	Nectin4+ advanced malignant solid tumors	I	Unknown NCT03932565
IL-6R	Tocilizumabb + immunotherapy or chemotherapy	Multiple cancer types	I and/or II	Completed NCT04871854 NCT03601611 NCT03135171 NCT02767557 Ongoing NCT06442709 NCT04940299 NCT04729959 NCT04554771 NCT04395222 NCT03999749 NCT03869190 NCT03821246
PDGFR-β signaling	Nintedanibc + immunotherapy or chemotherapy	Multiple cancer types	I and/or II	Completed NCT04046614 NCT03292250 NCT03062943 NCT02835833 NCT02730416 NCT02619162 NCT02568449 NCT02531737 NCT02496585 NCT02399215 NCT02393755 NCT02308553 NCT02225405 Ongoing NCT03377023 NCT02863055 NCT02299141

^a:Nectin4/FAP-targeted fourth-generation CAR-T cells (expressing IL-7 and CCL19, or IL-12).

^b:Anti-IL-6 receptor humanized monoclonal antibody;

^c:Small molecule inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases FGFR, PDGFR, and VEGFR.