Table 4.
Comparison of perceived skin quality, wrinkles, and blemishes across 12 body areas between active smokers, non-smokers, and ex-smokers, a cross-sectional study, Ordu University, Türkiye, 2024 (N=679)
| Variables | Active smokers (N=288) | Non-smokers (N=311) | Ex-smokers (N=80) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | ||||
| Forehead skin quality | ||||
| Good | 105 (36.5) | 239 (76.8) | 38 (47.5) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 183 (63.5)* | 72 (23.2) | 42 (52.5)* | |
| Forehead wrinkles | ||||
| Present | 178 (61.8)* | 107 (34.4) | 41 (51.3)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 110 (38.2) | 204 (65.6) | 39 (48.8) | |
| Forehead blemishes | ||||
| Present | 69 (24.0)* | 41 (13.2) | 24 (30.0)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 219 (76.0) | 270 (86.8) | 56 (70.0) | |
| Glabella skin quality | ||||
| Good | 140 (48.6) | 273 (87.8) | 44 (55.0) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 148 (51.4)* | 38 (12.2) | 36 (45.0)* | |
| Glabella wrinkles | ||||
| Present | 138 (47.9)* | 67 (21.5) | 35 (43.8)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 150 (52.1) | 244 (78.5) | 45 (56.3) | |
| Glabella blemishes | ||||
| Present | 36 (12.5)* | 8 (2.6) | 9 (11.3)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 252 (87.5) | 303 (97.4) | 71 (88.8) | |
| Eye area skin quality | ||||
| Good | 98 (34.0) | 246 (79.1) | 36 (45.0) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 190 (66.0)* | 65 (20.9) | 44 (55.0)* | |
| Wrinkles around the eyes | ||||
| Present | 183 (63.5)* | 109 (35.0) | 45 (56.3)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 105 (36.5) | 202 (65.0) | 35 (43.8) | |
| Blemishes around the eye | ||||
| Present | 62 (21.5)* | 31 (10.0) | 16 (20.0)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 226 (78.5) | 280 (90.0) | 64 (80.0) | |
| Cheek skin quality | ||||
| Good | 137 (47.6) | 250 (80.4) | 44 (55.0) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 151 (52.4)* | 61 (19.6) | 36 (45.0)* | |
| Cheek wrinkles | ||||
| Present | 38 (13.2)* | 13 (4.2) | 10 (12.5)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 250 (86.8) | 298 (95.8) | 70 (87.5) | |
| Cheek blemishes | ||||
| Present | 146 (50.7)* | 91 (29.3) | 34 (42.5)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 142 (49.3) | 220 (70.7) | 46 (57.5) | |
| Moustache area skin quality | ||||
| Good | 185 (64.2) | 284 (91.3) | 56 (70.0) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 103 (35.8)* | 27 (8.7) | 24 (30.0)* | |
| Moustache area wrinkles | ||||
| Present | 61 (21.2)* | 24 (7.7) | 13 (16.3)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 227 (78.8) | 287 (92.3) | 67 (83.8) | |
| Moustache area blemishes | ||||
| Present | 56 (19.4)* | 31 (10.0) | 19 (23.8)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 232 (80.6) | 280 (90.0) | 61 (76.3) | |
| Skin quality around the mouth | ||||
| Good | 174 (60.4) | 281 (90.4) | 51 (63.8) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 114 (39.6)* | 30 (9.6) | 29 (36.3)* | |
| Wrinkles around the mouth | ||||
| Present | 75 (26.0)* | 27 (8.7) | 16 (20.0)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 213 (74.0) | 284 (91.3) | 64 (80.0) | |
| Blemishes around the mouth | ||||
| Present | 54 (18.8)* | 23 (7.4) | 13 (16.3)* | <0.001 |
| Absent | 234 (81.3) | 288 (92.6) | 67 (83.8) | |
| Chin skin quality | ||||
| Good | 211 (73.3) | 270 (86.8) | 65 (81.3) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 77 (26.7)* | 41 (13.2) | 15 (18.8)* | |
| Chin wrinkles | ||||
| Present | 29 (10.1)* | 11 (3.5) | 7 (8.8) | 0.006 |
| Absent | 259 (89.9) | 300 (96.5) | 73 (91.3) | |
| Chin blemishes | ||||
| Present | 57 (19.8)* | 34 (10.9) | 10 (12.5) | 0.008 |
| Absent | 231 (80.2) | 277 (89.1) | 70 (87.5) | |
Pearson’s chi-squared test used and p<0.05 considered significant.
*
Indicates statistical significance.