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. 2025 Aug 19;4(3):35. doi: 10.3390/muscles4030035
FDA Food and Drug Administration
QD Quadriceps
MSTN Myostatin
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha
IL-6 Interleukin-6
DRP-1 Dynamin-related protein 1
Apaf-1 Apoptotic protease activating factor 1
MuRF-1 Muscle RING-finger protein-1
Myo D Myoblast determination protein 1
FoxO Forkhead box O
NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
OPA-1 Optic atrophy 1
ROS Reactive oxygen species
BW Body weight
EDL Extensor digitorum longus
TA Tibialis anterior
GA Gastrocnemius
CSA Cross-sectional area
Mfn Mitofusin
FIS1 Fission
AIF Apoptosis-inducing factor
NBF Natural buffer formalin
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
RIPA Radioimmunoprecipitation
SEM Standard error mean