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. 2025 Aug 8;12:1611967. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1611967

Table 2.

Water to feed ratio estimate (95% CI) calculated from average bird water intake (g) and average bird feed intake (g) of broiler breeder pullets reared on one of four feed and water provision treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design1.

Treatment 4 weeks 10 weeks 16 weeks 22 weeks
Feed
ED 2.00 (1.83, 2.17)a 1.70 (1.52, 1.87) 1.89 (1.72, 2.06)a 1.59 (1.42, 1.76)a
SAD 1.16 (0.99, 1.33) b 1.47 (1.30, 1.64) 1.31 (1.13, 1.48)b 0.98 (0.81, 1.15)b
Water
ADLIB 1.52 (1.35, 1.69) 1.54 (1.37, 1.71) 1.70 (1.53, 1.87) 1.29 (1.12, 1.46)
WR 1.64 (1.47, 1.81) 1.63 (1.46, 1.80) 1.50 (1.33, 1.67) 1.28 (1.11, 1.45)

1Feeding treatments consisted of skip-a-day (SAD) and every-day (ED) feeding programs, while water provision treatments consisted of water restriction for 3 h during the 8 h photoperiod (WR) or ad libitum (ADLIB) access to water during the 8 h photoperiod.

Superscripts differing within a column indicate statistically significant differences identified with a Tukey’s pairwise comparison post hoc test (p < 0.05).