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. 2025 Aug 7;16:1620884. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1620884

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Copyright © 2025 Gong, Yang, Hu and Mao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stacked bar chart comparing sound types across different paths and nodes. The chart shows proportions of natural (light blue), artificial (dark blue), and mechanic sounds (red) at start, nodes, and end points for both short and long paths, uphill and downhill. Natural sounds are highest, followed by artificial and mechanic sounds. — Research framework.