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. 2025 Aug 7;16:1620884. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1620884

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Copyright © 2025 Gong, Yang, Hu and Mao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Violin plots display pre-post changes in HR, RESP, and LF/HF for young and elderly groups on long and short paths. Panels (a), (b), (c) show young group data; panels (d), (e), (f) show elderly group data. Red indicates uphill, blue indicates downhill. Plots illustrate data distribution and variability between conditions. — Flow diagram of the experimental procedure.