| GCS | Glasgow Coma Scale |
| DRE | Direct rectal examination |
| FBC | Full blood count |
| TW | Total white cell count |
| CRP | C-reactive proteins |
| ESR | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| CT | Computer tomography |
| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| SSEP | Somatosensory evoked potential |
| EMG | Electromyography |
| MEP | Magnetic motor evoked potential |
| DECT | Dual-energy computed tomography |
| MRC scale | Medical Research Council’s scale |