Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 15;13(3):136. doi: 10.3390/medsci13030136
α-MSH Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
AMPA α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid
AKT Ak Strain Transforming
AP Area Postrema
ARC Arcuate Nucleus
BAT Brown Adipose Tissue
BBB Blood–Brain Barrier
cAMP Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
CeA Central Amygdala
CNS Central Nervous System
DA Dopamine
DPP-4 Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4
ERK Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
GCGR Glucagon Receptor
GIP Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide
GIPR Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor
GLP-1 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1
GLP-1RA Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist
GLP-1R Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
GPCR G Protein-Coupled Receptor
ILC Infralimbic Cortex
MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
MC4R Melanocortin-4 Receptor
mTOR Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
NAc Nucleus Accumbens
NE Norepinephrine
NPY Neuropeptide Y
NTS Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
OUD Opioid Use Disorder
PFC Prefrontal Cortex
PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase
PK/PD Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics
PKA Protein Kinase A
POMC Pro-opiomelanocortin
PVN Paraventricular Nucleus
RCT Randomized Controlled Trial
RT-PCR Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
sIPSC Spontaneous Inhibitory Postsynaptic Current
SNS Sympathetic Nervous System
SUD Substance Use Disorder
UCP1 Uncoupling Protein 1
VTA Ventral Tegmental Area