Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies

Study Citation	Purpose	Main Findings Regarding Patient Communication Preferences in Pregnancy Care
Birthing Experiences of Spanish Speakers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in NYC. Granada et al, 2022.	To describe the birth experience during COVID-19 among monolingual Spanish and bilingual Spanish/English speakers.	COVID-19 specific challenges were more impactful on patient experience than patient-provider language discordance in this study.
Addressing Disparities in Prenatal Care via Telehealth During Covid-19: Prenatal Satisfaction Survey in East Harlem. Futterman et al, 2021.	To compare patient satisfaction with prenatal care conducted via telehealth to in-person visits at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.	In patients who self-identified as Hispanic or who had Spanish primary language, there was no statistically significant difference in their satisfaction scores when they received prenatal care via telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Youth-centered Maternity Care: a Binational Qualitative Comparison of the Experiences and Perspectives of Latina Adolescents and Healthcare Providers. Decker et al, 2021.	To compare maternity care experiences of patients in Guanajuato, Mexico and Fresno, California.	Participants preferred clear communication and explanations, respectful instead of judgmental providers, and active engagement in decision-making.
Trust Development With the Spanish-Speaking Mexican American Patient: A Grounded Theory Study. Jones et al, 2018.	To explain how trust develops between the Spanish-speaking Mexican American patient and nurses, from the patient’s perspective.	Language barriers hindered trust in language-discordant care; however, nurses’ personalities are able to overcome this barrier to trust development. Participants developed trust with approachable nurses who did not speak Spanish.
Women’s Preferences for and Experiences with Prenatal Genetic Testing Decision Making: Sociodemographic Disparities in Preference-Concordant Decision Making. Molina et al, 2018.	To describe women’s preferred approach to decision making and if they experienced preference-concordant decision making.	Compared to White women, Spanish-speaking Latinas were significantly less likely to experience a preference-concordant decision process.
Anguish, Yearning, and Identity: Toward a Better Understanding of the Pregnant Hispanic Woman’s Prenatal Care Experience. Fitzgerald et al, 2016.	To seek a better understanding of needs and access issues among pregnant, low-income Hispanic women.	Health care providers’ attitudes and insensitivities regarding language discordance and language barriers caused patients confusion and misunderstanding of their care plans. This exacerbated the underlying fear already felt of pregnancy-related complications by Hispanic, Spanish-speaking women during pregnancy.
Language-Appropriate Appointment Reminders: Assessing the Communication Preferences of Women With Limited English Proficiency. Morse et al, 2016.	To assess the communication preferences for appointment reminders of women with limited English proficiency who attended an outpatient women’s health clinic.	The vast majority of women with limited English proficiency attending a women’s health clinic preferred to be contacted in their primary language, regardless of their ability to read, write, or speak English.
Expectations of Pregnant Women of Mexican Origin Regarding their Health Care Providers. Baxley et al, 2015.	To explore the expectations of Mexican pregnant women regarding trust and communication with their health care providers.	Participants felt that being bilingual was one of the most important aspects of communication in prenatal care. Participants most valued personal interactions and friendly behavior in building trust with clinicians. Participants wanted their care to feel more personalized and their health care providers to demonstrate they cared about them as people.
Maternal Acculturation and the Prenatal Care Experience. Fuentes-Afflick et al, 2014.	To evaluate the relationship between maternal acculturation and interpersonal processes of care* among women who received prenatal care.	In this study that included 675 pregnant women born in Latin America, women who were less acculturated reported better prenatal care experiences than more acculturated and US-born women.
What is Patient-Centered Care Really? Voices of Hispanic Prenatal Patients. Bergman et al, 2013.	To investigate Hispanic prenatal care patients’ understandings and expectations of patient-centered care.	Hispanic prenatal patients prefer having a friendly relationship with their providers. Patients appreciated the availability of Spanish-speaking individuals in clinical encounters. Participants described a preference for the medical team providing care in Spanish without the use of an interpreter.
Reported Experiences with Prenatal Care: Is There a Difference in Patient Satisfaction Based on Racial and Ethnic Background? Johnson et al, 2012.	To determine if racial and ethnic disparities exist in prenatal care by assessing patient satisfaction in private vs. clinic practices.	Hispanic and Black women were much more likely to respond that their primary language always or often influenced their quality of care when compared to White participants.
Interpersonal Processes of Care and Cesarean Delivery in Two Health Care Settings. Hessol et al, 2012.	To examine whether interpersonal processes of care* were associated with cesarean birth.	Women who reported receiving more questions about their problems and responsiveness from their providers had a lower risk of cesarean birth, whereas women who reported higher scores on empowerment/self-care had a higher risk of cesarean birth.
Patient-Reported Quality of Pain Treatment and Use of Interpreters in Spanish-Speaking Patients Hospitalized for Obstetric and Gynecological Care. Jimenez et al, 2012.	To determine whether interpreter use was associated with quality of acute pain treatment among Latina patients with limited English proficiency.	Interpreter use was associated with better patient reports of pain control, timely response to pain needs, and perceived helpfulness of healthcare providers to provide pain treatment.
Factors Affecting Latina Immigrants’ Perceptions of Maternal Health Care: Findings From a Qualitative Study. Gurman et al, 2008.	To identify barriers that Latinas faced when navigating maternal health care services and to explore perceptions of quality of care.	Many women experienced language barriers during their visits. In language-discordant care, perception of quality of care was mostly based on provider interpersonal attributes (respect, kindness, friendliness, warmth). Healthcare experiences of women in their home countries influenced their evaluation of their experience in the US health system.
Hispanic Women’s Perceptions of Patient-Centeredness During Prenatal Care: A Mixed-Method Study. Tandon et al, 2005.	To better understand Hispanic women’s perceptions of patient-centeredness in prenatal care compared to non-Hispanic mothers.	Fewer postpartum Hispanic women perceived aspects of their prenatal care to be patient-centered than non-Hispanic mothers. Moreover, the odds of experiencing language or communication problems with doctors or nurses during prenatal care appointments were greater for Hispanic mothers than for non-Hispanic mothers.

^*Interpersonal processes of care describe various aspects of the clinician-patient relationship, including communication, patient-centered decision-making, and interpersonal style