Table 3.
Immunophenotypes corresponding to GSC-derived ECs
| Immunophenotypes | Cell characteristics | References |
|---|---|---|
| Nestin + /CD31 + |
In vitro: Can be generated by exposing Nestin + /CD133 + cells to hypoxia; confers chemoresistance to neighboring GSCs; can revert to GSC by culturing in stem cell medium Human GBM samples: represent 85% ECs in hypoxic regions; frequently co-expressed with ETV2 + ; high CD31 expression mostly associated with low Nestin expression; low CD31 expression mostly associated with high Nestin expression |
[158] [154] |
| Nestin + /ABCG2 + | Human GBM samples: present in tumor vessel wall | [40] |
| Nestin + /CD105 + | Human GBM samples: CD105 and Nestin localized in different regions of the same ECs in the tumor area; overlapped immunoreactivity in the peritumor area | [121] |
| CD133 + /VEGFR2 + |
In vitro: co-express EphA2, CD144, laminin5γ2 In vivo: co-implanting with GSCs results in larger and more vascularized tumors; can initiate tumors whose vasculature is mainly derived from tumor cells |
[38] [152] |
| CD133 + /CD31 + | Human GBM samples: localize near SOX2-/CD31 + , SOX2-/CD105 + , CD133-/CD31 + ECs, in glomeruloid tufts, microvascular proliferations, invasive front; high CD31 expression mostly associated with low C133 expression; low CD31 expression mostly associated with high CD31 expression; co-express nestin, lipocalin2, selectin, endothelin 1 and 3, VEGF-C, eNOS |
[154] |
| CD133 + /CD34 + | In vitro: cell population increased by TMZ | [8] |
| CD133 + /CD144 + | In vitro: Can be generated by exposing CD133 + /CD144- cells to the GBM secretome; cultivation in endothelial medium results in downregulation of CD144 and upregulation of CD105, CD31, CD34, VEGFR2; can revert to GSC by culturing in stem cell medium; cell population increased by TMZ |
[139] |
| GFAP + /CD31 + |
In vitro: display tumorigenic activity; cultivation in endothelial medium results in the loss of tumorigenic activity Human GBM samples: represent 18% of the total vascularization; co-express vWF, CD144 |
[109] [90] |
| GFAP + /CD34 + |
In vitro: can be generated as small population after cultivation of CD133 + GSCs in transdifferentiation medium Human GBM samples: represent 14% of the total vascularization |
[40] [90] |
| SOX2 + /CD31 + | Human GBM samples: tend to localize near SOX2-/CD31 + , SOX2-/CD105 + , CD133-/CD31 + ECs | [56] |
| SOX2 + /CD34 + | In vitro: cell population increased by TMZ | [8] |
| SOX2 + /CD105 + |
In vitro: cell population increased by TMZ Human GBM samples: tend to localize near SOX2-/CD31 + , SOX2-/CD105 + , CD133-/CD31 + ECs |
[56] [8] |
| CD105 + |
In vitro: co-express CD31, VEGFR2, vWF Human GBM samples: similar genetic aberrations (EGFR amplification, Cep7) as the parent tumors; form glomeruloid-like structures |
[139] |
| ABCG2 + /CD34 + | Human GBM samples: appeared in tumor vessel wall in clinical GBM specimens | [40] |
ABCG2 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2, CD cluster of differentiation, Cep7 chromosome 7 centromere amplification, EC endothelial cell, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase, EphA2 ephrin type-A receptor 2, ETV2 ETS variant transcription factor 2, GBM glioblastoma, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, GSC glioblastoma stem cell, Laminin5γ2 laminin subunit gamma 2, SOX2 SRY-box transcription factor 2, TMZ temozolomide, VEGF-C vascular endothelial growth factor C, VEGFR2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, vWF von Willebrand factor