Table 1.
General characteristics of participants across tertiles of PRAL, NEAP, and DAL among Iranian older adults
| PRAL | NEAP | DAL | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| variables |
T1
(n = 132) |
T2
(n = 134) |
T3
(n = 132) |
P-value 1 |
T1
(n = 132) |
T2
(n = 133) |
T3
(n = 133) |
P-value 1 |
T1
(n = 132) |
T2
(n = 133) |
T3
(n = 133) |
P-value 1 | |||||||||||||
| Age (years) | 63.87 ± 3.96 | 62.98 ± 3.31 | 63.24 ± 3.68 | 0.123 | 63.85 ± 3.50 | 63.20 ± 3.89 | 63.03 ± 3.60 | 0.162 | 63.92 ± 4.08 | 63.37 ± 3.44 | 62.83 ± 3.39 | 0.056 | |||||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.85 ± 4.37 | 28.78 ± 5.05 | 28.96 ± 5.05 | 0.951 | 28.87 ± 4.86 | 28.62 ± 4.78 | 29.10 ± 4.85 | 0.722 | 28.12 ± 4.68 | 29.11 ± 4.87 | 29.34 ± 4.85 | 0.087 | |||||||||||||
| Weight |
75.27± 12.15 |
75.76± 13.26 |
75.72± 10.81 |
0.933 |
74.26± 12.63 |
75.91± 12.53 |
76.57± 11.01 |
0.277 |
70.81± 11.77 |
75.76± 11.45 |
80.30 ± 1 1.07 |
< 0.001 | |||||||||||||
| Gender (N, %) | 0.150 | 0.007 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| male | 57 (42.9) | 71 (53) | 71 (53.4) | 52 (39.1) | 70 (52.2) | 77 (57.9) | 45 (34.1) | 65 (48.9) | 88 (66.2) | ||||||||||||||||
| Supplement intake | 0.342 | 0.071 | 0.016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| NO | 117 (88) | 120 (89.6) | 123 (93.2) | 115 (86.5) | 119 (89.5) | 126 (94.7) | 115 (87.1) | 116 (87.2) | 128 (96.2) | ||||||||||||||||
|
Physical activity (MET-h/week) |
878.81 ± 885.83 | 844.20 ± 1123.50 | 1068.10 ± 1218.35 | 0.272 |
813.52± 872.08 |
952.40 ± 1137.33 | 1024.40 ± 1549.14 | 0.358 | 922.51 ± 927.07 | 988.74 ± 1671.70 | 891.12± 907.96 | 0.802 | |||||||||||||
| Education level (N, %) | 0.250 | 0.139 | 0.252 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Illiterate | 12 (9) | 11 (8.2) | 20 (15.2) | 9 (6.8) | 12 (9) | 22 (16.5) | 12 (9.1) | 13 (9.8) | 18 (13.5) | ||||||||||||||||
| Elementary/high school | 59 (44.4) | 75 (56) | 60 (45.5) | 69 (51.9) | 60 (45.1) | 65 (48.9) | 60 (45.5) | 75 (56.4) | 58 (43.6) | ||||||||||||||||
| High school./diploma | 47 (35.3) | 36 (26.9) | 40 (30.3) | 40 (30.1) | 47 (35.3) | 36 (27.1) | 45 (34.1) | 37 (27.8) | 41 (30.8) | ||||||||||||||||
| University | 15 (11.3) | 12 (9) | 12 (9.1) | 15 (11.3) | 14 (10.5) | 10 (7.5) | 15 (11.4) | 8 (6) | 16 (12) | ||||||||||||||||
| Marital status (N, %) | 0.872 | 0.941 | 0.732 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Married | 105 (78.9) | 108 (80.6) | 103(78) | 104 (78.2) | 106 (79.7) | 106 (79.7) | 102 (77.3) | 105 (78.9) | 108 (81.2) | ||||||||||||||||
| Socioeconimic status (N, %) | 0.225 | 0.107 | 0.844 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Low | 30 (22.7) | 34 (25.4) | 42 (31.8) | 34 (25.8) | 28 (21.1) | 44 (33.1) | 31 (23.7) | 40 (30.1) | 35 (26.3) | ||||||||||||||||
| Medium | 51 (38.6) | 61 (45.5) | 52 (39.4) | 50 (37.9) | 58 (43.6) | 56 (42.1) | 56 (42.7) | 52 (39.1) | 55 (41.4) | ||||||||||||||||
| high | 51 (38.6) | 39 (29.1) | 38 (28.8) | 48 (36.4) | 47 (35.3) | 33 (24.8) | 44 (33.6) | 41 (30.8) | 43 (32.3) | ||||||||||||||||
| Smoking status (N, %) | 0.504 | 0.471 | 0.300 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| nonsmoker | 108 (81.2) | 102 (76.1) | 107 (81.1) | 110 (82.7) | 105 (78.9) | 102 (76.7) | 111 (84.1) | 103 (77.4) | 103 (77.4) | ||||||||||||||||
Values in bold indicate statistically significant differences between tertiles (p < 0.05)
1 The Chi-square test was used for qualitative variables, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for continuous variables
Values are mean ± SD or percentages
BMI: body mass index, PRAL: potential renal acid load, NEAP: net endogenous acid production, DAL: dietary acid load