Table 2.
Table 2. Energy-adjusted dietary intakes across tertiles of PRAL, NEAP, and DAL among Iranian older adults*
| PRAL | NEAP | DAL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrients and food groups |
T1 (n = 132) |
T2 (n = 134) |
T3 (n = 134) |
P-value£ |
T1 (n = 132) |
T2 (n = 133) |
T3 (n = 133) |
P-value£ |
T1 (n = 132) |
T2 (n = 133) |
T3 (n = 133) |
P-value£ | ||||||||||||
|
Energy (kcal) |
2258.38± 58.05 |
2148.86± 57.83 |
2193.71± 58.05 |
0.406 |
2196.61± 57.96 |
2131.75± 57.74 |
2272.73± 57.96 |
0.227 |
2344.91± 56.42 |
1968.71± 56.21 |
2297.04± 56.21 |
< 0.001 | ||||||||||||
|
Carbohydrate (g/d) |
352.649± 3.27 |
344.09± 3.26 |
349.04± 3.27 |
0.179 |
345.40± 3.26 |
345.65± 3.25 |
354.72± 3.27 |
0.072 |
352.13± 3.31 |
343.93± 3.34 |
351.30± 3.28 |
0.148 | ||||||||||||
|
Protein (g/d) |
66.15± 0.97 |
66.34± 0.97 |
72.09± 0.97 |
< 0.001 |
63.48± 0.96 |
69.71± 0.96 |
71.36± 0.96 |
< 0.001 |
64.87± 0.97 |
67.33± 0.98 |
72.56± 0.97 |
< 0.001 | ||||||||||||
|
Fat (g/d) |
65.33± 1.48 |
67.44± 1.48 |
63.01± 1.48 |
0.107 |
69.88± 1.44 |
66.84± 1.43 |
59.06± 1.44 |
< 0.001 |
66.58± 1.50 |
67.12± 1.51 |
62.46± 1.49 |
0.055 | ||||||||||||
|
MUFA (g/d) |
20.53± 0.59 |
21.76± 0.59 |
20.12± 0.59 |
0.122 |
22.28± 0.58 |
21.57± 0.57 |
18.56± 0.58 |
< 0.001 |
21.00± 0.60 |
21.79± 0.60 |
16.77± 0.59 |
0.057 | ||||||||||||
|
PUFA (g/d) |
16.50± 0.48 |
17.15± 0.48 |
15.84± 0.48 |
0.155 |
17.75± 0.47 |
16.98± 0.47 |
14.76± 0.47 |
< 0.001 |
17.09± 0.49 |
16.82± 0.49 |
15.69± 0.48 |
0.096 | ||||||||||||
|
SFA (g/d) |
21.09± 0.61 |
21.44± 0.60 |
20.04± 0.60 |
0.233 |
22.52± 0.59 |
21.07± 0.59 |
18.98± 0.59 |
< 0.001 |
21.32± 0.61 |
21.21± 0.62 |
20.14± 0.61 |
0.318 | ||||||||||||
|
EPA (g/d) |
0.009± 0.001 |
0.008± 0.001 |
0.008± 0.001 |
0.403 |
0.009± 0.001 |
0.009± 0.001 |
0.007± 0.001 |
0.226 |
0.008± 0.001 |
0.009± 0.001 |
0.007± 0.001 |
0.638 | ||||||||||||
|
DHA (g/d) |
0.029± 0.003 |
0.025± 0.003 |
0.026± 0.003 |
0.601 |
0.027± 0.003 |
0.028± 0.003 |
0.024± 0.003 |
0.411 |
0.026± 0.003 |
0.028± 0.003 |
0.026± 0.003 |
0.840 | ||||||||||||
|
Omega-3 (g/d) |
0.391± 0.02 |
0.437± 0.02 |
0.372± 0.02 |
0.038 |
0.454± 0.02 |
0.412± 0.02 |
0.334± 0.02 |
< 0.001 |
0.421± 0.02 |
0.423± 0.02 |
0.360± 0.02 |
0.024 | ||||||||||||
|
Total fiber (g/d) |
21.87± 0.36 |
17.62± 0.36 |
16.04± 0.36 |
< 0.001 |
21.54± 0.37 |
18.10± 0.37 |
15.89± 0.37 |
< 0.001 |
21.69± 0.38 |
17.55± 0.38 |
16.40± 0.37 |
< 0.001 | ||||||||||||
|
Grains (g/d) |
365.08± 10.14 |
407.96± 10.10 |
478.43± 10.12 |
< 0.001 |
340.91± 9.44 |
415.73± 9.72 |
494.78± 9.46 |
< 0.001 |
361.97± 10.12 |
406.47± 10.22 |
484.20± 10.04 |
< 0.001 | ||||||||||||
|
Fruits (g/d) |
430.25± 11.40 |
319.12± 11.36 |
246.05± 11.39 |
< 0.001 |
409.03± 11.88 |
336.45± 11.85 |
249.80± 11.90 |
< 0.001 |
417.25± 12.15 |
313.16± 12.27 |
267.57± 12.05 |
< 0.001 | ||||||||||||
|
Vegetables (g/d) |
430.68± 12.12 |
290.74± 12.07 |
249.41± 12.10 |
< 0.001 |
422.81± 12.22 |
306.66± 12.19 |
241.24± 12.24 |
< 0.001 |
429.20± 12.35 |
291.86± 12.48 |
251.20± 12.25 |
< 0.001 | ||||||||||||
|
Legums (g/d) |
22.40± 1.05 |
20.80± 1.05 |
18.61± 1.05 |
0.039 |
23.43± 1.04 |
20.25± 1.04 |
18.12± 1.04 |
0.002 |
23.01± 1.06 |
19.58± 1.07 |
19.41± 1.05 |
0.027 | ||||||||||||
|
Nuts (g/d) |
13.57± 1.38 |
11.87± 1.37 |
8.75± 1.38 |
0.044 |
15.76± 1.35 |
11.90± 1.35 |
6.52± 1.35 |
< 0.001 |
13.66± 1.39 |
12.67± 1.41 |
8.01± 1.38 |
0.009 | ||||||||||||
|
Dairy (g/d) |
303.17± 17.28 |
282.99± 17.21 |
259.25± 17.26 |
0.199 |
287.05± 17.10 |
318.78± 17.06 |
239.30± 17.13 |
0.005 |
294.33± 17.55 |
278.74± 17.72 |
273.59± 17.41 |
0.683 | ||||||||||||
|
Eggs (g/d) |
25.32± 2.04 |
28.68± 2.03 |
32.87± 2.04 |
0.033 |
24.22± 2.03 |
30.30± 2.03 |
32.34± 2.04 |
0.014 |
24.85± 2.05 |
27.28± 2.07 |
34.74± 2.03 |
0.002 | ||||||||||||
|
Meat (g/d) |
49.35± 2.60 |
56.13± 2.59 |
63.55± 2.59 |
0.001 |
48.79± 2.59 |
56.49± 2.58 |
63.75± 2.59 |
< 0.001 |
48.28± 2.61 |
56.58± 2.64 |
64.48± 2.59 |
< 0.001 | ||||||||||||
|
Caffeine (mg/d) |
279.42± 11.60 |
213.99± 11.55 |
167.87± 11.58 |
< 0.001 |
268.82± 11.81 |
214.59± 11.79 |
177.87± 11.83 |
< 0.001 |
267.87± 11.86 |
226.23± 12.00 |
168.03± 11.79 |
< 0.001 | ||||||||||||
|
Iron (mg/d) |
16.29± 0.24 |
15.13± 0.23 |
15.54± 0.24 |
0.002 |
16.11± 0.24 |
15.37± 0.24 |
15.47± 0.24 |
0.059 |
16.26± 0.24 |
15.32± 0.24 |
15.43± 0.24 |
0.010 | ||||||||||||
|
Zinc (mg/d) |
7.57± 0.15 |
7.15± 0.15 |
7.21± 0.15 |
0.106 |
7.53± 0.15 |
7.49± 0.15 |
6.91± 0.15 |
0.005 |
7.46± 0.15 |
7.20± 0.15 |
7.30± 0.15 |
0.467 | ||||||||||||
|
Calcium (mg/d) |
836.34± 23.57 |
767.36± 23.48 |
768.15± 23.54 |
0.061 |
801.72± 23.44 |
833.82± 23.39 |
735.81± 23.49 |
0.011 |
819.52± 23.96 |
772.56± 24.19 |
780.90± 23.76 |
0.341 | ||||||||||||
|
Magnesium (mg/d) |
282.31± 4.12 |
233.24± 4.11 |
209.74± 4.12 |
< 0.001 |
280.54± 4.01 |
242.81± 4.00 |
201.86± 4.02 |
< 0.001 |
278.12± 4.34 |
235.64± 4.38 |
212.74± 4.30 |
0.000 | ||||||||||||
|
Potassium (mEq/d) |
98.42± 1.43 |
76.79± 1.42 |
65.35± 1.43 |
< 0.001 |
96.97± 1.43 |
80.10± 1.43 |
63.46± 1.43 |
< 0.001 |
96.81± 1.54 |
77.17± 1.56 |
67.01± 1.53 |
0.000 | ||||||||||||
|
Sodium (mg/d) |
4941.54± 244.61 |
5037.60± 243.63 |
5370.29± 244.30 |
0.429 |
5120.99± 244.24 |
4876.29± 243.75 |
5353.37± 244.72 |
0.387 |
5012.23± 247.62 |
5003.47± 250.07 |
5362.37± 245.60 |
0.502 | ||||||||||||
Values in bold indicate statistically significant differences between tertiles (p < 0.05)
PRAL: potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production; DAL: dietary acid load; SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid
*Values are MEAN ± SE
£ All p-values resulted from analysis of ANCOVA, except for energy. P-values for energy resulted from ANOVA