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. 2025 Aug 22;25:2891. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24249-z

Table 3.

Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for psychological disorder, quality of sleep, and mood by tertiles of dietary acid load among Iranian older adults

PRAL NEAP DAL
Variable T1
(n = 132)
T2
(n = 134)
T3
(n = 134)
P-trend* T1
(n = 132)
T2
(n = 133)
T3
(n = 133)
P-trend* T1
(n = 132)
T2
(n = 133)
T3
(n = 133)
P-trend*
Stress
crudea 1

1.09

(0.66–1.79)

1.85

(1.13–3.03)

0.013 1

1.02

(0.62–1.68)

1.79

(1.10–2.93)

0.019 1

1.24

(0.75–2.03)

1.73

(1.06–2.83)

0.029
Model I 1

1.04

(0.63–1.71)

1.83

(1.13-3.00)

0.016 1

0.99

(0.60–1.64)

1.91

(1.16–3.14)

0.011 1

1.03

(0.62–1.73)

1.73

(1.05–2.84)

0.031
Model II 1

1.00

(0.54–1.87)

1.89

(0.93–3.83)

0.058 1

1.020

(0.55–1.88)

1.80

(0.86–3.74)

0.100 1

1.30

(0.68–2.48)

3.06

(1.43–6.57)

0.003
anxiety
crudea 1

1.38

(0.85–2.24)

1.24

(0.76–2.02)

0.389 1

1.08

(0.67–1.76)

1.31

(0.81–2.13)

0.268 1

1.61

(0.99–2.61)

1.02

(0.62–1.66)

0.946
Model I 1

1.36

(0.83–2.21)

1.23

(0.76-2.00)

0.411 1

1.07

(0.66–1.74)

1.33

(0.82–2.17)

0.244 1

1.54

(0.94–2.54)

1.01

(0.62–1.65)

0.971
Model II 1

1.13

(0.63–2.02)

0.97

(0.50–1.91)

0.904 1

1.14

(0.64–2.03)

1.47

(0.73–2.95)

0.278 1

1.52

(0.83–2.78)

1.14

(0.56–2.31)

0.793
Depression
crudea 1

1.39

(0.81–2.39)

2.59

(1.63–4.38)

< 0.001 1

0.88

(0.52–1.52)

2.06

(1.24–3.42)

0.004 1

1.42

(0.94–2.40)

1.84

(1.09–3.09)

0.022
Model I 1

1.37

(0.80–2.36)

2.58

(1.52–4.35)

< 0.001 1

0.87

(0.51–1.50)

2.10

(1.26–3.50)

0.004 1

1.34

(0.78–2.30)

1.83

(1.09–3.07)

0.023
Model II 1

1.29

(0.67–2.47)

2.18

(1.04–4.58)

0.032 1

0.71

(0.37–1.34)

1.24

(0.60–2.57)

0.460 1

1.40

(0.72–2.69)

1.94

(0.90–4.20)

0.089
Poor Sleep
crudea 1

1.00

(0.59–1.70)

1.43

(0.82–2.51)

0.211 1

1

(0.59–1.70)

1.63

(0.93–2.86)

0.096 1

1.16

(0.68–1.96)

1.85

(1.05–3.26)

0.034
Model I 1

0.95

(0.56–1.63)

1.39

(0.79–2.45)

0.255 1

0.97

(0.57–1.65)

1.68

(0.95–2.97)

0.079 1

0.95

(0.54–1.65)

1.81

(1.02–3.22)

0.044
Model II 1

1.22

(0.65–2.30)

2.09

(1.01–4.36)

0.045 1

1.29

(0.69–2.40)

2.55

(1.19–5.48)

0.016 1

1.59

(0.82–3.10)

4.76

(2.14–10.57)

< 0.001
Low Mood
crudea 1

1.09

(0.66–1.79)

2.09

(1.28–3.42)

0.003 1

1.12

(0.68–1.84)

2.03

(1.24–3.31)

0.005 1

1.35

(0.83–2.21)

1.48

(0.91–2.42)

0.119
Model I 1

1.06

(0.64–1.74)

2.07

(1.26–3.38)

0.004 1

1.10

(0.67–1.82)

2.10

(1.28–3.45)

0.003 1

1.22

(0.74–2.02)

1.47

(0.90–2.40)

0.128
Model II 1

0.74

(0.40–1.36)

1.31

(0.65–2.65)

0.352 1

1.02

(0.56–1.87)

1.61

(0.78–3.31)

0.175 1

1.09

(0.59–2.04)

1.41

(0.68–2.96)

0.347

Values in bold indicate statistically significant differences between tertiles (p < 0.05)

PRAL: potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production; DAL: dietary acid load

*calculated by logistic regression

a unadjusted model

Model I: adjusted for energy

Model II: adjusted for energy, age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, supplement intake, marital status, BMI, dietary fiber, omega3, smoking status, sex, education, and caffeine