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. 2025 Aug 22;25:343. doi: 10.1186/s12883-025-04365-4

Table 1.

Key diagnostic work-up

Specimen source: Test (results within normal range, unless otherwise specified)
Serum: Bacterial cultures, HIV Ag/Ab, Amphiphysin, ANNA-1/3, AGNA-1, AP3B2, CRMP5 CASPR2, Contactin-1, GFAP, GM1 IgG/IgM, GD1b IgG/IgM, Gd1b IgG/GM, MAG IgM, WNV IgG, AChR IgG, igLON5, LG1, MuSK Ab, MAG, Neurofascin, LRP4, HIV Ag/Ab, botulinum toxin type-A positive, botulinum toxin mouse bioassay positive,
Urine: Toxicology screen, culture
CSF: Cell count, protein (54 mg/dl), glucose (102 mg/dl), gram stain/bacterial culture, IgG index, oligoclonal bands, WNV IgG/IgM, VZV IgG/IgM, VDRL, B. Burgdorferi Ab, Meningitis PCR panel (H. Influenza, Group B Strep, Strep pneumo, N. Meningitidis, E. Coli K1, CMV, Listeria, Enterovirus, HSV1/HSV2, HHSV6 PCR, Parechovirus, VZV, Cryptococcus), Paraneoplastic IgG panel (ANNA-1, ANNA-2, PCCA-1, PCCA-Tr)
Stool: Culture positive C. botulinum, C. Botulinum toxin negative

Normal values CSF Protein (15–45 mg/dL), CSF Glucose (40–70 mg/dL), CSF Nucleated Cells (0–6/uL), CSF RBC (0/uL)