Table 1. Parameter optimization for PAN and Bio-Ag NPs@PAN fiber morphologya.
| Parameter | Tested Range | Key morphological impact | Optimal value |
|---|---|---|---|
| PAN and Bio-Ag NPs@PAN concentrations | 8–14% w/w | ↑Conc.: fiber diameter↑; bead formation↓; ribbon like fibers at >12% | 10% w/w |
| Flow rate | 0.2–2 mL h−1 | ↑Flow: diameter↑; beads↑ (>1.5 mL h−1); porosity↑ | 1 mL h−1 |
| Needle gauge | 19–22G (Ø 0.4–0.2 mm) | ↑Gauge (smaller Ø): diameter↓; fiber uniformity↑; jet stability↓ at >22G | 21G (Ø 0.31 mm) |
a
The structural framework of the electrospinning setup is demonstrated in Scheme 1c.