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. 2025 Aug 22;17:350. doi: 10.1186/s13098-025-01883-6

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of NHANES participants between 2005–2018

Variables Overall
(n = 7596)
Groups p-value
non-OAB
(n = 6099)
OAB
(n = 1497)
Age (years) 47.24 ± 16.85 45.25 ± 16.33 58.15 ± 15.40 < 0.001
Gender < 0.001
 Male 3822 (49.65%) 3205 (51.75%) 617 (38.13%)
 Female 3774 (50.35%) 2894 (48.25%) 880 (61.87%)
BMI (kg/m2) 29.12 ± 6.80 28.69 ± 6.51 31.47 ± 7.81 < 0.001
WC (cm) 99.88 ± 16.55 98.80 ± 16.15 105.83 ± 17.45 < 0.001
Race < 0.001
 Non-Hispanic White 3169 (68.15%) 2589 (68.90%) 580 (64.00%)
 Non-Hispanic Black 1586 (10.77%) 1156 (9.59%) 430 (17.22%)
 Mexican American 930 (7.79%) 750 (7.83%) 180 (7.54%)
 Other Hispanic 818 (5.92%) 643 (5.95%) 175 (5.74%)
 Other ethnicity 1093 (7.38%) 961 (7.73%) 132 (5.50%)
Education level < 0.001
 < High school 1619 (14.88%) 1154 (13.17%) 465 (24.29%)
 High school 1616 (20.16%) 1252 (19.44%) 364 (24.09%)
 >High school 4361 (64.96%) 3693 (67.39%) 668 (51.61%)
PIR < 0.001
 < 1.3 2520 (22.75%) 1895 (21.26%) 625 (30.91%)
 1.3–3.5 2768 (36.26%) 2194 (35.47%) 574 (40.58%)
 > 3.5 2308 (40.99%) 2010 (43.27%) 298 (28.51%)
Marital status < 0.001
 Married/Living with Partner 4499 (63.67%) 3700 (64.60%) 799 (58.62%)
 Widowed/Divorced/Separated 1572 (16.84%) 1086 (14.63%) 486 (29.00%)
 Never married 1525 (19.48%) 1313 (20.78%) 212 (12.38%)
Drinking status < 0.001
 Non-drinker 1999 (20.71%) 1504 (19.42%) 495 (27.77%)
 1–5 drinks/month 3900 (52.02%) 3152 (51.52%) 748 (54.78%)
 5–10 drinks/month 581 (9.17%) 501 (9.79%) 80 (5.73%)
 10 + drinks/month 1115 (18.10%) 941 (19.26%) 174 (11.72%)
Smoking status 0.120
 Never smoker 4262 (55.93%) 3493 (56.87%) 769 (50.79%)
 Former smoker 1810 (24.81%) 1402 (24.38%) 408 (27.17%)
 Current smoker 1524 (19.26%) 1204 (18.75%) 320 (22.03%)
Physical activity < 0.001
 Low 4256 (53.40%) 3313 (52.32%) 943 (59.32%)
 Moderate 2487 (34.97%) 2051 (35.50%) 436 (32.10%)
 High 853 (11.62%) 735 (12.18%) 118 (8.58%)
Hypertension 1288 (13.94%) 897 (12.95%) 391 (19.40%) < 0.001
Diabetes 1187 (12.04%) 730 (9.36%) 457 (26.76%) < 0.001
FBG (mg/dl) 106.15 ± 30.37 104.14 ± 26.72 117.19 ± 43.83 < 0.001
TG (mg/dl) 125.21 ± 106.35 125.32 ± 110.62 124.61 ± 78.98 0.072
HDL-C (mg/dl) 53.92 ± 16.12 53.90 ± 16.19 54.01 ± 15.70 0.800
Coronary heart disease 299 (3.41%) 173 (2.61%) 126 (7.77%) < 0.001
Congestive heart failure 253 (2.73%) 138 (2.03%) 115 (6.52%) < 0.001
Mets < 0.001
 Yes 3,016 (37.37%) 2,135 (35.01%) 881 (58.85%)
 No 4,580 (62.63%) 3,964 (64.99%) 616 (41.15%)

OAB, overactive bladder; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; PIR, family income-poverty; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Mets, metabolic syndrome