Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

Author, year	Country	Study Population (mean age)	Study Design	Type of treatment	Study groups	Study follow up	Incidence rates	Unadjusted HR
Htoo et al., 2016 [33]	USA	60,366 patients (71.8 years)	Cohort study	glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists versus long acting insulin (LAI)	GLP-1ra: 5600 LAI: 54,767	6 months	T: 11 C: 276	T: 0.82 (0.42–1.58)
Wang et al., 2024 [38]	Canada	1,651,452 patients with T2D (59.8 years)	Retrospective cohort study	glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists versus insulin	GLP-1: 48 983 Insulin: 1 044 475	1.5 years	T: 223 C: 391	0.54 (0.46–0.64)
Wang et al., 2022 [34]	USA	683,570 patients (60 years)	Cohort study	glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists versus metformin	GLP-1: 64 230 Metformin: 619 340	1 year		0.82 (0.65–0.91)
Wang et al., 2024 [23]	Canada	1 221 218 drug-naive patients with T2D (59.8 years)	Cohort study	glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists versus metformin		15 years		0.56 (0.44–0.72)
Hsieh et al., 2024 [35]	USA	16,446 female with PCOS (41.8 years)	retrospective cohort study	glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists versus metformin		15 years		0.35 (0.22–0.57)
Sun et al., 2024 [37]	China	933,970 patients (47.9 years)	retrospective cohort study		80 154 cases and 853 816 controls			1.12 (1.07–1.18)
Abrahami et al., 2018 [36]	Canada	500,659 patients (55.6 years)	Cohort study	glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists versus DPP-4 inhibitors	GLP1: 388,619 DPP-4: 112,040	1 year	T: 733	1.0 (0.22–1.6)