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. 2025 Aug 22;25:614. doi: 10.1186/s12876-025-04211-4

Table 2.

Quality assessment of included studies by Newcastle-Ottawa scale

Study Selection Comparability Outcome
Representative of the exposed cohort Selection of external control Ascertainment of exposure Outcome of interest not present Main factor Additional factor Assessment of outcome Sufficient follow up time Adequacy of follow up time Total scores
Htoo et al., 2016 [33] * 0 * 0 * 0 * * * 6/9
Wang et al., 2024 [38] * * * 0 * 0 * 0 0 5/9
Wang et al., 2022 [34] * * 0 * * * * 0 * 7/9
Wang et al., 2024 [23] * * 0 * * 0 * 0 0 5/9
Hsieh et al., 2024 [35] * 0 * 0 * * * * * 7/9
Sun et al., 2024 [37] * * * 0 * 0 * 0 0 5/9
Abrahami et al., 2018 [36] * * 0 * * * * 8 * 8/9