Table 3.

Overview of nanoparticles simultaneously activate ferroptosis and cGAS-STING in cancer treatment

Nanoparticles	Loaded agent	Cancer	Tested model	Effects OR Involved mechanism	Ref
PMZFNs		Prostate cancer	PC3 cells tumor-bearing mice	PMZFNs drive dual therapeutic mechanisms by inducing ferroptosis that directly killing cancer cells while releasing tumor-associated antigens to trigger ICD and activating cGAS-STING, which amplifying ICD efficacy through interferon-β production and dendritic cell priming.	[39]
IFNγ/uMn-LDHs nanoplatform	Mn + IFNγ	Breast cancer	4T1-tumor-bearing mice	IFNγ/uMn-LDHs induces ferroptosis in cancer cell and activates the cGAS-STING pathway in TEM.Ferroptosis-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) further liberates tumor-associated antigens, synergizing with STING-driven IFN-β production to recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).	[40]
CMArg@Lip	ML385	Cholangiocarcinoma	C57BL/6 mice		[148]
REV@SR780Fe@LEV-RS17 NPs	SR780Fe + Reversine	Breast cancer	4T1-tumor-bearing mice	REV@SR780Fe@LEV-RS17 NPs synergistically combine photodynamic therapy (PDT), ferroptosis, and cGAS-STING pathway activation to enhance antitumor immunity.	[149]
MnFe₅O₈@(M1M-DOX) NPs	MnFe₅O₈+DOX	Breast cancer	4T1-tumor-bearing mice	This platform enables tumor-targeted delivery, Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺-mediated ferroptosis, and Mn²⁺-driven cGAS-STING activation.	[150]
DP-HBN/RA nanomedicine	RSL3 and diABZi	Breast cancer	4T1-tumor-bearing mice	DP-HBN/RA nanomedicine amplify radiotherapy efficacy through dual ferroptosis induction and systemic immune activation.	[151]
C5-AFt nanoparticle	Ruthenium + apoferritin	Breast cancer	4T1-tumor-bearing mice	C5-AFt NPs inducing ferroptosis via mitochondrial damage (ROS overproduction, GSH depletion, and GPX4/SLC7A11 downregulation) and activating the cGAS-STING pathway by promoting mtDNA leakage into the cytoplasm.	[152]
FeMn@cGAMP@M	Fe3O4@MnO + cGAMP	Breast cancer	4T1-tumor-bearing mice	FeMn@cGAMP@M induces dual ROS-mediated ferroptosis and cGAS-STING immune activation.	[153]
OMV/SaFeFA	Fe²⁺+agonist-4	CRC	Colon tumor-bearing mouse	Ferroptosis-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, e.g., calreticulin) prime DCs for antigen presentation, while STING-driven IFN-γ suppresses SLC7A11, creating a self-reinforcing loop that intensifies ferroptosis and immune activation.	[154]
NA-Ir	Iridium(III)	Melanoma	A375 cells-tumor bearing mice	Under light irradiation, NA-Ir induce ferroptosis and activates the cGAS-STING pathway, which promotes ferritinophagy and ensued ferroptosis,.	[155]
AMO	AgNO3			AMO triggers ferroptosis and pyroptosis, and concurrently activate the cGAS-STING pathway, which amplifies innate immunity.	[156]
PtMnIr	CAT, OXD, SOD, POD, GPx	Melanoma	B16-F10 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice	The PtMnIr induce ferroptosis by downregulating GPX4 and promoting LPO, while simultaneously activating the cGAS-STING pathway through Mn²⁺ release, which sensitizes tumor cells to innate immune responses.	[157]
Fe-PU/CD-IPI@cBSA	IPI-549 + IPI-549	CRC		Fe-PU/CD-IPI@cBSA induced ferroptosis, activatied STING signaling pathway, and the repolarized macrophages in the mice with spontaneous tumor in the colorectal area and tumor-bearing mice.	[158]
Fe0@HMON@DNA-Exo		TNBC	4T1 tumor-bearing mice	Fe0@HMON@DNA-Exo induced ferroptosis, activatied STING signaling pathway.	[159]
AHA@MnP/QCT nanoparticles	Manganese phosphate + quercetin	NSCLC	Lewis’s cancer cell-bearing C57 mice	The AHA@MnP/QCT NPs vector sustainably releases QCT and Mn2 + into the acidic environment, which induces apoptosis and promotes ferroptosis in cells via the Fenton-like reactions. Free Mn2 + induces immunogenic cell death by activating DCs and promoting the activation and proliferation of T cells. Non-invasive imaging is achieved by accumulating AHA@MnP/QCT and enhancing T2-MRI signal at the tumor site.	[160]
MGNH nanocomplex	NLG919				[161]
FMPH	Plinabulin

DOX, doxorubicin; MGNH, MnFe2O4@NaGdF4@NLG919@HA; NLG919, immune checkpoint indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor