Table 1.

Contextual details of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis

Author [citation]	Country	Region	Publication year	Study year	Design	Research center	Data source	Events(N)	Total(N)	Age(average or median, years)*	BMI*	Smoke (%)*	Female (%)*	Outcome	Pollutans	Concentration (average or median, µg/m3)*
Pablo Mariscal-Aguilar	Bolivia	South America	2024	2011–2020	Cohort study	Single center	The Interstitial Lung Disease Unit of La Paz University Hospital	69	69	73.7	26.4	43.48	23.19	Progression of IPF	O3	NA
															CO
															CO
															NO2
															NOX
Qiang Zheng	Australia	Oceania	2023	2012–2019	Cohort study	Multiple centers	Australian IPF Registry (AIPFR)	570	570	70.9	28.9	70	29.6	Progression of IPF	PM2.5	6.8 µg/m3
															NO2	12.60 µg/m3
Xiaojie Wang	UK	Europe	2023	2006–2010	Cohort study	Multiple centers	The UK Biobank (UKB)	2589	402,042	62.25	28.72	68.79	39.32	Incidence of IPF	SO2	2.53 µg/m3
Pablo Mariscal-Aguilar	Spain	Europe	2023	2011–2020	Cohort study	Single center	At the Pulmonary Fibrosis Specialty Clinic of the Hospital Universitario La Paz Pneumology Department	69	69	73.7	26.4	43.48	23.19	Progression of IPF	CO	NA
															NO2
															NOX
Feipeng Cui	Spain	Europe	2023	2006–2010	Cohort study	Multiple centers	The UK Biobank (UKB)	1380	433,738	62.8	28.7	45.1	35.8	Progression of IPF	NO2	26.65 µg/m3
															NOX	43.99 µg/m3
															PM2.5	9.99 µg/m3
															PM10	16.23 µg/m3
Hee-Young Yoon	Korea	Asia	2023	1995–2016	Cohort study	Single center	Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea	946	946	65.4	24.3	23.89	19.13	Progression of IPF	NO2	43.43 µg/m3
Lirong Liang	China	Asia	2022	2013–2017	Cohort study	Multiple centers	A database compiled by the Beijing Public Health Information Center	11,974	11,974	NA	NA	NA	46.15	Progression of IPF	PM2.5	76.7 µg/m3
				2008–2012											PM2.5	88.9 µg/m3
Na’ama Avitzur	USA	North America	2022	2001–2017	Cohort study	Multiple centers	ILD programme database at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)	603	603	70.5	NA	30.02	23.71	Progression of IPF	PM2.5	8.7 µg/m3
															O3	40.0 µg/m3
Ioannis Tomos	Greece	Europe	2021	2013–2019	Cohort study	Single center	2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School	118	118	72	NA	73.73	25.42	Progression of IPF	NO2	22.2 µg/m3
															PM2.5	27.2 µg/m3
															PM10	30.5 µg/m3
Pablo Mariscal Aguilar	Spain	Europe	2021	2013–2019	Cohort study	Single center	Department of Pneumology at La Paz University Hospital	52	52	66	NA	55.77	21.15	Mortality of IPF	CO	NA
															NO2	58.18 µg/m3
															PM2.5	11.21 µg/m3
															PM10	21.22 µg/m3
															O3	NA
															SO2	NA
Masahiro Tahara	Japan	Asia	2021	2009–2014	Case-control	Multiple centers	Nationwide cloud-based integrated database	152	352	65	NA	NA	30.26	Incidence of IPF	NO	10.8 ppb
															PM2.5	17 µg/m3
															SO2	2.6 ppb
															NO2	31.40 µg/m3
															NOX	50.49 µg/m3
															CO	460.4 ppb
															O3	54.88 µg/m3
															PM10	20.1 µg/m3
Hee-Young Yoon	Korea	Asia	2021	1995–2016	Cohort study	Single center	At the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea	1114	1114	65.7	24.1	75.9	19.5	Mortality of IPF	NO2	42.3 µg/m3
Robert Dales	Canada	North America	2020	2001–2012	Cohort study	Multiple centers	The Ministry of Health, the official source of disease statistical data in Chile	3989	3989	NA	NA	NA	58.26	Incidence of IPF	CO	960 ppb
															NO2	80.84 µg/m3
															O3	125.44 µg/m3
															SO2	9 ppb
															PM10	67 mg/m3
															PM2.5	29 mg/m3
Sara Conti	Italy	Europe	2018	2005–2010	Cohort study	Multiple centers	Regional healthcare administrative databases	2093	2093	41.8	NA	NA	50.7	Incidence of IPF	NO2	41 µg/m3
Kerri A Johannson	USA	North America	2018	2014	Cohort study	Single center	At the University of California San Francisco	25	25	73.6	NA	68	16	Progression of IPF	NO2	15.08 µg/m3
															PM2.5	9.01 µg/m3
															PM10	17.8 µg/m3
Christopher J Winterbottom	USA	North America	2018	2007–2013	Cohort study	Single center	A single university ILD referral center	135	175	68	NA	64	25	Mortality of IPF	PM10	18.5 µg/m3
															PM2.5	10.5 µg/m3
Lucile Sesé	France	Europe	2018	2007–2014	Cohort study	Multiple centers	The French cohort COhorte FIbrose (COFI)	40	192	68	27.7	67.5	25	Progression of IPF	O3	NA
															NO2	NA
															PM10	19.46 µg/m3
															PM2.5	26.23 µg/m3
														Mortality of IPF	O3	NA
															NO2	NA
															PM10	19.46 µg/m3
															PM2.5	26.23 µg/m3
Kerri A Johannson	USA	North America	2014	2001–2010	Cohort study	Single center	At Asan Medical Center in Seoul, South Korea	75	436	63.7	NA	65.33	22.67	Progression of IPF	O3	NA
															NO2
															PM10
															CO
															SO2
														Mortality of IPF	O3	NA
															NO2

Not all studies reported gender-specific population sizes Smoking status, BMI, air pollutant concentration, or the mean age. The data is mentioned for all studies that reported it