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. 2025 Aug 22;25:2880. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24158-1

Table 4.

Random effects meta-analysis of the association between exposure to NO2, PM2.5, and O3 and the risk of progression of IPF

Pollutant Category Study Characteristics
(Number of association estimates)
Summary RR (95%CI) I2 (%) p for heterogeneity
NO2 Age Age ≤ 70 (4) 1.26 (1.09, 1.47) 26.23 0.25
Age >70 (4) 1.41 (1.09, 1.82) 56.65 0.07
Female Female <50 (8) 1.32 (1.16, 1.50) 38.58 0.12
Female ≥ 50 (0) / / /
Smoke Smoke <50 (4) 1.49 (1.22, 1.81) 22.66 0.27
Smoke ≥ 50 (4) 1.21 (1.04, 1.42) 36.63 0.19
Region Europe (4) 1.30 (1.10, 1.53) 28.14 0.24
Others (4) 1.36 (1.07, 1.73) 58.45 0.07
Outcome Incidence (3) 1.67 (1.05, 2.66) 36.93 0.20
Mortality (4) 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) 0.00 0.78
Progression (8) 1.32 (1.16, 1.50) 38.58 0.12
PM2.5 Age Age ≤ 70 (2) 1.38 (1.12, 1.70) 0.00 0.54
Age >70 (3) 1.15 (0.69, 1.82) 78.52 0.01
Female Female <50 (5) 1.23 (0.90, 1.70) 69.05 0.01
Female ≥ 50 (0) / / /
Smoke Smoke <50 (2) 1.01 (0.55, 1.86) 88.19 0
Smoke ≥ 50 (3) 1.51 (0.94, 2.44) 48.17 0.15
Region Europe (3) 1.49 (1.15, 1.94) 11.34 0.32
Others (4) 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) 33.64 0.21
Outcome Incidence (2) 1.67 (0.87, 3.19) 71.19 0.06
Mortality (3) 2.03 (0.48, 8.54) 82.18 0.00
Progression (7) 1.08(1.01, 1.15) 63.51 0.01
O3 Age Age ≤ 70 (2) 1.28 (0.96, 1.70) 47.15 0.17
Age >70 (2) 1.14 (1.00, 1.30) 0.00 0.40
Female Female <50 (4) 1.19 (1.03, 1.38) 29.05 0.24
Female ≥ 50 (0) / / /
Smoke Smoke <50 (2) 1.14 (1.00, 1.30) 0.00 0.40
Smoke ≥ 50 (2) 1.28 (0.96, 1.70) 47.15 0.17
Outcome Incidence (2) 1.22 (0.94, 1.58) 0 0.35
Mortality (3) 0.97(0.88, 1.07) 0.00 0.46
Progression (4) 1.19(1.03, 1.38) 29.05 0.24