Table 2.
Comparing OE item and total score by nurse leader role
| Manager N = 232 |
Executives N = 464 |
Other N = 57 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | N | Adjusted M (SE) | N | Adjusted M (SE) | N | Adjusted M (SE) | p |
| 1. Information regarding professional wellness resourcesξ | 231 | 3.56(0.09) | 464 | 3.44(0.06) | 57 | 3.26(0.16) | 0.194 |
| 2. Policies regarding crisis response (e.g., the role of triage officers/triage teams) | 225 | 3.39(0.09) | 458 | 3.37(0.06) | 56 | 3.05(0.16) | 0.151 |
| 3. Forums with leaders to whom I report to share concerns | 231 | 3.30(0.10) | 456 | 3.44(0.07) | 57 | 3.09(0.19) | 0.194 |
| 4. Information regarding hazard supplemental compensationξ | 209 | 2.65(0.11) | 412 | 2.83(0.07) | 53 | 2.23(0.20) | 0.097 |
| 5. Opportunities for individual or team-based approach to address stress | 230 | 3.08(0.10) | 462 | 3.20(0.07) | 57 | 2.96(0.18) | 0.387 |
| 6. Pathways for requesting ethics consultation or advice | 229 | 3.28(0.10) | 458 | 3.48(0.07)a | 57 | 2.89(0.19)a | 0.012 |
| 7. Information regarding confidential reporting mechanisms | 228 | 3.76(0.09) | 450 | 3.78(0.06) | 57 | 3.47(0.17) | 0.250 |
| 8. An environment that promotes speaking up about concerns without fear of retaliationξ | 228 | 3.51(0.10) | 451 | 3.69(0.07) | 55 | 3.23(0.19) | 0.125 |
| 9. Communication updates regarding system-based changesξ | 227 | 3.53(0.09) | 451 | 3.78(0.06)b | 57 | 3.32(0.17)b | 0.038 |
| 10. Psychological and emotional support for leaders | 232 | 2.59(0.10) | 461 | 2.80(0.07) | 56 | 2.66(0.19) | 0.306 |
| 11. Policies for increasing the number of ICU beds | 212 | 3.15(0.10) | 416 | 3.41(0.07)c | 49 | 2.84(0.19)c | 0.010 |
| 12. Policies or processes for re-deployment of staffξ | 224 | 3.08(0.09) | 450 | 3.38(0.06) | 54 | 3.02(0.17) | 0.060 |
| 13. Processes for staff to “call-out” without retributionξ | 227 | 3.21(0.10) d | 450 | 3.42(0.07)e | 53 | 2.82(0.19) d, e | 0.015 |
| 14. Proactive training of staff to be “cross-trained” to work in multiple areas | 227 | 3.03(0.09)f | 456 | 3.33(0.06)f | 56 | 3.01(0.17) | 0.026 |
| 15. Protocols for filling staffing needs when current staff have fulfilled their assignmentsξ | 227 | 2.67(0.09)g | 461 | 3.07(0.06)g, h | 57 | 2.33(0.17)h | < 0.001 |
| 16. Transparent communication regarding policy or practice changesξ | 229 | 3.27(0.09) | 461 | 3.55(0.06)i | 57 | 3.00(0.17)i | 0.010 |
| 17. Budget adjustments to increase resources for nursing workforce | 230 | 2.87(0.11) | 455 | 3.14(0.07)j | 57 | 2.54(0.20)j | 0.011 |
| 18. Equitable compensation for nurses in same role φ | 228 | 2.77(0.11) | 453 | 3.03(0.07) | 55 | 2.53(0.20) | 0.038 |
| Total Organizational Effectiveness | 232 | 3.15(0.07) | 464 | 3.35(0.05)k | 57 | 2.91(0.13)k | 0.004 |
M = mean, SE = standard error of the mean
ANCOVAs were used for analyses
Covariates included: age, education, religion, race, primary work population, and length of time in nursing
Means with the same alphabetic superscript (a-k) were statically significantly different based upon post-hoc follow-up test
φNone of the pairwise comparisons were statistically significant.
ξ Indicates that one or more assumption for ANCOVA was not met and therefore the Quade Nonparametric ANCOVA was used