Table 3.
Comparisons of MI item and total score by nurse leader roles
| Manager N = 232 |
Executives N = 464 |
Other N = 57 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | N | Adjusted M (SE) | N | Adjusted M (SE) | N |
Adjusted
M (SE) |
N |
| 1. I feel betrayed by other health professionals whom I once trusted. ξ | 232 | 5.20(0.23) | 464 | 4.69(0.16) | 57 | 5.38(0.43) | 0.250 |
| 2. I feel guilt over failing to save someone from being seriously injured or dying. ξ | 232 | 4.02(0.22) | 463 | 3.97(0.15) | 57 | 3.46(0.41) | 0.696 |
| 3. I feel ashamed about what I’ve done or not done when providing care to my patients. ξ | 231 | 2.70(0.18) | 464 | 2.81(0.12) | 57 | 3.01(0.34) | 0.449 |
| 4. I am troubled by having acted in ways that violated my own morals or values. ξ | 230 | 2.80(0.18) | 462 | 2.55(0.13) | 57 | 2.79(0.34) | 0.248 |
| 5. Most people with whom I work as a health professional are trustworthy. (reverse coded) | 230 | 2.96(0.17) | 463 | 3.15(0.12) | 57 | 3.16(0.32) | 0.661 |
| 6. I have a good sense of what makes my life meaningful as a health professional. (reverse coded) ξ | 232 | 2.15(0.11) | 463 | 2.15(0.08) | 57 | 2.49(0.21) | 0.293 |
| 7. I have forgiven myself for what’s happened to me or to others whom I have cared for. (reverse coded) | 232 | 3.99(0.17) | 462 | 3.79(0.12) | 56 | 4.04(0.33) | 0.607 |
| 8. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I’m a failure in my work as a health professional. ξ | 232 | 2.16(0.15) | 464 | 2.21(0.10) | 57 | 2.01(0.28) | 0.905 |
| 9. I sometimes feel God is punishing me for what I’ve done or not done while caring for patients. ξ | 232 | 1.35(0.10) | 464 | 1.48(0.07) | 57 | 1.44(0.18) | 0.986 |
| 10. Compared to before I went through these experiences, my religious/spiritual faith has strengthened. (reverse coded) ξ | 232 | 5.70(0.21) | 464 | 5.63(0.14) | 57 | 5.11(0.39) | 0.354 |
| Total Score (Range 10–100) | 232 | 32.63(0.92) | 464 | 32.15(0.63) | 57 | 33.62(1.72) | 0.680 |
M = mean, SE = standard error of the mean
ANCOVAs were used for analyses
Covariates included: age, education, religion, race, primary work population, and length of time in nursing. 36.4% of nurse leaders meet the clinical threshold (score > = 36) for moral injury. ξ Indicates that one or more assumption for ANCOVA was not met and therefore the Quade Nonparametric ANCOVA was used