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. 2025 Aug 21;22:27. doi: 10.1186/s12014-025-09552-6

Table 1.

Post-translational modifications of characteristic protein families and related signaling pathways

Name and expression changes Check out location Type Molecular Mechanism Post-translational modifications Role in Cell Phenotypes or Behavior Refs.
S100 S100A9↓ Human tissue CRA PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK / Cell proliferation [13]
S100A10↑ Human tissue/Mouse tissue FAP Wnt/β-catenin / Cell proliferation, Migration [58]
S100A11↑ Human tissue/Mouse tissue CRA TGF-β Ubiquitination Cell migration, EMT [11]
S100P↑ Human tissue CRA Wnt/β-catenin, ERK /

Cell cycle,

Cell migration

[12]
MUC MUC1↑ Human tissue CRA JAK/STAT Glycosylation Cancer progression, EMT [27]
MUC2↓

Human tissue/

feces

CRA,

SL

NF-κB

Sulfation、

Methylation

Cell proliferation Migration, Apoptosis [28]
MUC4↓ Human tissue/Mouse tissue CRA Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT Glycosylation Cell migration [26]
MUC5AC↑

Human tissue/

feces

CRA,

SL

Wnt/β-catenin

Glycosylation、

Methylation

Cell proliferation, Apoptosis, Immune escape [28, 47]
ANXA ANXA3↑ Human tissue CRA HIF-1α /

Cell proliferation, Migration,

Drug resistance

[10]
ANXA6 Human feces CRA MAPK, PI3K-Akt / Cell proliferation, Apoptosis [40]
ANXA10↑ Mouse tissue SL TGF-β /

Cell proliferation, Migration,

Iron death

[49]
HSP HSP47↑ Human tissue CRA Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β / Stress response, Proliferation, Apoptosis, Migration [21]
HSP70↑ Mouse tissue SL, FAP PI3K/AKT / Cell proliferation, Migration [56]