. 2025 Aug 22;25:1185. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07567-z

Table 2.

Comparison between traditional retrieval methods and AI tools to answer case questions

Questions	Traditional retrieval means	AI tool retrieval means
Pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma Methods of clinical and biological treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma	1) Hepatitis virus infection; 2) Cirrhosis; 3) Gene mutation; 4) Chemical carcinogens; 5) Signaling pathway abnormalities; 6) Immunomodulatory imbalance; 7) Inflammatory microenvironment 1) Surgical resection and liver transplantation; 2) local ablative therapy; 3) Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE); 4) Radiotherapy; 5) Systemic chemotherapy; 6) Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy; 7) Tumor vaccines; 8) Cellular immunotherapy	1) Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis; 2) Hepatocyte injury and regeneration; 3) Genetic and epigenetic changes; 4) Tumor microenvironment; 5) Metabolic abnormalities; 6) Inflammation and immune escape; 7) Abnormal activation of signaling pathways; 8) Angiogenesis; 9) Genomic instability; 10) Environmental and lifestyle factors 1) Targeted therapies; 2) Immunotherapy; 3) Combination therapy; 4) Localized therapy; 5) Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies; 6) Stem cell therapy; 7) Multidisciplinary integrated treatment; 8) Post-operative follow-up

Questions

Traditional retrieval means

AI tool retrieval means

Pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma

Methods of clinical and biological treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

1) Hepatitis virus infection;

2) Cirrhosis;

3) Gene mutation;

4) Chemical carcinogens;

5) Signaling pathway abnormalities;

6) Immunomodulatory imbalance;

7) Inflammatory microenvironment

1) Surgical resection and liver transplantation;

2) local ablative therapy;

3) Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE);

4) Radiotherapy;

5) Systemic chemotherapy;

6) Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy;

7) Tumor vaccines;

8) Cellular immunotherapy

1) Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis;

2) Hepatocyte injury and regeneration;

3) Genetic and epigenetic changes;

4) Tumor microenvironment;

5) Metabolic abnormalities;

6) Inflammation and immune escape;

7) Abnormal activation of signaling pathways;

8) Angiogenesis;

9) Genomic instability;

10) Environmental and lifestyle factors

1) Targeted therapies;

2) Immunotherapy;

3) Combination therapy;

4) Localized therapy;

5) Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies;

6) Stem cell therapy;

7) Multidisciplinary integrated treatment;

8) Post-operative follow-up