Table 1.
Sample demographics and clinical characteristics of the study population and differences among the5 clusters(281dyads)
| Patient variables | Total (n = 281) |
Cluster 1 (n = 52) |
Cluster 2 (n = 29) |
Cluster 3 (n = 130) |
Cluster 4 (n = 32) |
Cluster5 (n = 38) |
Statistic | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General characteristics of patients | ||||||||
| Age(years), M ± SD | 14.74 ± 1.77 | 14.54 ± 1.90 | 14.86 ± 1.87 | 14.85 ± 1.76 | 14.75 ± 1.93 | 14.50 ± 1.37 | 0.510* | 0.728 |
| Gender, n(%) | 5.657# | 0.226 | ||||||
| Male | 77(27.40) | 20(38.50) | 6(20.70) | 33(25.40) | 6(18.80) | 12(31.60) | ||
| Female | 204(72.60) | 32(61.50) | 23(79.30) | 97(74.60) | 26(81.30) | 26(68.40) | ||
| Education, n(%) | 2.174# | 0.704 | ||||||
| Middle school and below | 189(67.30) | 35 (67.30) | 20 (69.00) | 83 (63.80) | 22 (68.80) | 29 (76.30) | ||
| High school | 92(32.70) | 17 (32.70) | 9 (31.00) | 47 (36.20) | 10 (31.30) | 9 (23.70) | ||
| Number of children, n(%) | 8.219# | 0.084 | ||||||
| One | 144(51.20) | 24(46.20) | 18(62.10) | 59(45.40) | 17(53.10) | 26(68.40) | ||
| More than one | 137(48.80) | 28(53.80) | 11(37.90) | 71(54.60) | 15(46.90) | 12(31.60) | ||
| Payment type for medical expenses, n(%) | 10.820# | 0.029 | ||||||
| Self-financed | 89(31.70) | 22(42.30)a | 3(10.30)b | 43(33.10)a, b | 7(21.90)a, b | 14(36.80)a, b | ||
| Medical insurance | 192(68.30) | 30(57.70)a | 26(89.70)b | 87(66.90)a, b | 25(78.10)a, b | 24(63.20)a, b | ||
| Time since diagnosisd,n(%) | 15.843c | 0.172 | ||||||
| 1-6month | 137(48.80) | 25 (48.10) | 16 (55.20) | 63 (48.50) | 18 (56.30) | 15 (39.50) | ||
| 7-18month | 94(33.50) | 21 (40.40) | 8 (27.60) | 46 (35.40) | 10 (31.30) | 9 (23.70) | ||
| 19-36month | 30(10.70) | 4 (7.70) | 3 (10.30) | 11 (8.50) | 1 (3.10) | 11(28.90) | ||
| > 36month | 20(7.10) | 2 (3.80) | 2 (6.90) | 10 (7.70) | 3 (9.40) | 3 (7.90) | ||
| Self-injurious behavior, n(%) | 1.738# | 0.784 | ||||||
| No | 89(31.70) | 20(38.50) | 8(27.60) | 39(30.00) | 11(34.40) | 11(28.90) | ||
| Yes | 192(68.30) | 32(61.50) | 21(72.40) | 91(70.00) | 21(65.50) | 27(71.10) | ||
| History of psychiatric medication self-discontinuation, n(%) | 11.406# | 0.022 | ||||||
| No | 153(54.40) | 25(48.10)a, b | 17(58.60)a, b | 73(56.20)a, b | 24(75.00)b | 14(36.80)a | ||
| Yes | 128(45.60) | 27(51.90)a, b | 12(41.40)a, b | 57(43.80)a, b | 8(25.00)b | 24(63.20)a | ||
| Current presence of disease-related distress, n(%) | 47.235# | < 0.001 | ||||||
| No | 44(15.70) | 3(5.80)a | 5(17.20)a | 15(11.50)a | 18(56.30)b | 3(7.90)a | ||
| Yes | 237(84.30) | 49(94.20)a | 24(82.80)a | 115(88.50)a | 14(43.80)b | 35(92.10)a | ||
| Perceived parent-child relationship, n(%) | 82.211# | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Poor | 31(11.10) | 1(1.90)a | 1(3.40)a | 9(6.90)a | 2(6.30)a | 18(47.40)b | ||
| Average | 105(37.40) | 30(57.70)a | 10(34.50)a, b | 47(36.20)a, b | 4(12.50)b | 14(36.80)a, b | ||
| Perfect | 145(51.60) | 21(40.40)a, b | 18(62.10)b, c | 74(56.90)b, c | 26(81.30)c | 6(15.80)a | ||
| General characteristics of Caregiver | ||||||||
| Relationship, n(%) | 2.700# | 0.609 | ||||||
| Mother | 212(75.40) | 43(82.70) | 20(69.00) | 97(74.60) | 25(78.10) | 27(71.10) | ||
| Father | 69(24.60) | 9(17.30) | 9(31.00) | 33(25.40) | 7(21.90) | 11(28.90) | ||
| Age(years), M ± SD | 43.12 ± 4.92 | 43.75 ± 5.47 | 42.34 ± 4.64 | 42.81 ± 4.76 | 43.09 ± 5.61 | 43.95 ± 4.3 | 0.789* | 0.533 |
| Education, n(%) | 13.808# | 0.087 | ||||||
| Middele school and below | 85(30.20) | 17(32.70) | 4(13.80) | 41(31.50) | 7(21.90) | 16(42.10) | ||
| High school | 42(14.90) | 5(9.60) | 5(17.20) | 23(17.70) | 2(6.30) | 7(18.40) | ||
| Bachelor or above | 154(54.80) | 30(57.70) | 20(69.00) | 66(50.80) | 23(71.90) | 15(39.50) | ||
| Employment, n(%) | 17.558& | 0.020 | ||||||
| Full-time or Part-time | 172(61.20) | 31 (59.60)a, b | 10(34.50)b | 84 (64.60)a | 19 (59.40)a, b | 28 (73.70)a | ||
| Self-employed | 84(29.90) | 13 (25.00)a, b | 16(55.20)b | 38 (29.20)a, b | 11 (34.40)a, b | 6 (15.80)a | ||
| Unemployed | 25(8.90) | 8 (15.40)a | 3 (10.30)a | 8 (6.20)a | 2 (6.30)a | 4 (10.50)a | ||
| Family location, n(%) | 3.027& | 0.553 | ||||||
| Urban areas | 245(87.20) | 46 (88.50) | 28 (96.60) | 110 (84.60) | 28 (87.50) | 33 (86.80) | ||
| Rural areas | 36(12.80) | 6 (11.50) | 1 (3.40) | 20 (15.40) | 4 (12.50) | 5 (13.20) | ||
| Family types, n(%) | 12.289& | 0.402 | ||||||
| Core family | 159(56.60) | 31 (59.60) | 14 (48.30) | 77 (59.20) | 20 (62.50) | 17 (44.70) | ||
| Extended family | 77(27.40) | 9 (17.30) | 8 (27.60) | 38 (29.20) | 8 (25.00) | 14 (36.80) | ||
| Stepparent family | 22(7.80) | 5 (9.60) | 3 (10.30) | 8 (6.20) | 3 (9.40) | 3 (7.90) | ||
| Single-parent family | 23(8.20) | 7 (13.50) | 4 (13.80) | 7 (5.40) | 1 (3.10) | 4 (10.50) | ||
| Per capita monthly household income(yuan)e,n(%) | 23.126# | 0.003 | ||||||
| ≤ 4000 | 81(28.80) | 22(42.30)a | 7(24.10)a, b | 32(24.60)a, b | 4(12.50)b | 16(42.10)a, b | ||
| 4001 ~ 8000 | 97(34.50) | 10(19.20)a | 6(20.70)a, b | 51(39.20)a, b | 16(50.00)b | 14(36.80)a, b | ||
| >8000 | 103(36.70) | 20(38.50)a, b | 16(55.20)b | 47(36.20)a, b | 12(37.50)a, b | 8(21.10)a | ||
| Parenting Style, n(%) | 27.371# | 0.007 | ||||||
| Authoritarian | 53(18.90) | 14(26.90)a | 7(24.10)a | 23(17.70)a | 6(18.80)a | 3(7.90)a | ||
| Neglectful | 38(13.50) | 12(23.10)a, b | 1(3.40)a, b | 13(10.00)b | 1(3.10)b | 11(28.90)a | ||
| Permissive | 124(44.10) | 20(38.50)a | 12(41.40)a | 58(44.60)a | 18(56.30)a | 16(42.10)a | ||
| Authoritative | 66(23.50) | 6(11.50)a | 9(31.00)a | 36(27.70)a | 7(21.90)a | 8(21.10)a | ||
| Perceived parent-child relationship, n(%) | 20.622& | 0.006 | ||||||
| Poor | 24(8.50) | 4(7.70)a | 0(0.00)a | 13(10.00)a | 1(3.10)a | 6(15.80)a | ||
| Average | 91(32.40) | 24(46.20)a | 3(10.30)b | 42(32.30)a, b | 9(28.10)a, b | 13(34.20)a, b | ||
| Good | 166(59.10) | 24(46.20)a | 26(89.70)b | 75(57.70)a | 22(68.80)a, b | 19(50.00)a | ||
| Perceived spousal relationship (total n = 254),n(%) | 23.772& | 0.001 | ||||||
| Poor | 12(4.70) | 2(4.30)a, b | 1(4.00)a, b | 3(2.50)b | 1(3.60)a, b | 5(15.20)a | ||
| Average | 72(28.30) | 21(44.70)a | 1(4.00)b | 32(26.40)a, b | 7(25.00)a, b | 11(33.30)a, b | ||
| Good | 170(66.90) | 24(51.10)a | 23(92.00)b | 86(71.10)a, b | 20(71.40)a, b | 17(51.50)a | ||
a, b,cProportions in the same row with different superscript letters indicate significant differences between groups (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-adjusted)
dTime since diagnosis was used to measure the duration of the disease, calculated from the date of formal diagnosis to the date of the survey
e4000 Chinese Yuan ≈ 562.688 US dollar; and the national per capita disposable annual income of Chinese residents in 2023 was 39,218 Chinese Yuan (https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202401/t20240116_1946622.html)
*One-Way ANOVA
#Pearson chi-square test
&Fisher’s exact test