Table 1.

The mechanism and function of m5C RNA modification in colorectal cancer

Factor/enzyme	Type	Target RNAs and m5C sites	Functions	Mechanisms	References
NSUN2	Writers	ENO1 mRNA	Promotes the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer	Regulates of glycometabolic reprogramming through the NSUN2/YBX1/m5C-ENO1 positive feedback loop	[10]
		SKIL mRNA	Promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and migration	Enhances SKIL mRNA stability and activates the TAZ signaling pathway	[9]
		mRNA		Promotes nuclear export of m5C-modified mRNA	[61]
		TREX2 mRNA	Promotes tumorigenesis and resistance to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy	Maintains TREX2 m5C methylation and mRNA stability to inhibit cGAS/STING pathway activation	[71]
		tRNA-Arg C34 site	Regulates EMT process and enhances cell migration and invasion abilities	Protects tRNA-Arg from endonuclease cleavage, promoting the accumulation of pro-transfer tRFs	[8]
		SLC7A11 mRNA	Promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and inhibits ferroptosis	Methylation of SLC7A11 mRNA enhances the stability and translation efficiency of the mRNA	[72]
		mRNA	Promotes the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer	Regulates of mRNA stability and translation	[73]
NSUN4	Writers	NXPH4 mRNA	Promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells	Methylation of NXPH4 mRNA activates the HIF signaling pathway	[74]
NSUN5	Writers	Peripheral blood immune cells	m5C is a biomarker for the noninvasive diagnosis of colorectal cancer	Upregulation of NSUN5 and YBX1 expression promotes m5C modification	[75]
			Promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation	Regulates the cell cycle through the Rb-CDK4/6-CCNE1 pathway	[76]
		circ_0102913	Promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells	Promotes tumor progression by activating downstream signaling pathways through the miR-571/RAC2 axis	[77]
NSUN6	Writers	METTL3 mRNA	Overexpression of METTL3 promotes G1/S phase transition in colorectal cancer cells	Promotes the cell cycle and proliferation of colorectal adenocarcinoma cells	[78]
METTL17	Writers	mt-RNA	Regulates mitochondrial translation function and inhibits ferroptosis	Promotes resistance to ferroptosis and tumor proliferation and migration in colorectal cancer cells	[33]
ALYREF	Readers	mRNA	Promotes the nuclear export and expression of target mRNA in synergy with ELAVL1	Promotes the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer	[59]
		mRNA	Specifically binds to m5C-modified mRNA, promoting mRNA nuclear export		[61]
YBX1	Readers	ENO1 mRNA	Participation in the NSUN2/YBX1/m5C—ENO1 positive feedback loop	Promotes the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer	[10]