Table 2.

m5C-related modifications in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer

References	Study type	Population	Biomarkers	Grouped control	Screening models (AUC, sensitivity, specificity)
[80]	Retrospective cohort study	TCGA: 434 COAD 157 READ IHC: 80 Normal 80 READ	NSUN4, NSUN7, DNMT1	Normal/COAD/READ	TCGA cohort: AUC of one-year OS = 0.803 AUC of three-year OS = 0.855 AUC of five-year OS = 0.838 AUC of overall survival = 0.834 IHC independent cohort: AUC = 0.954
[100]	Retrospective cohort study and case‒control study	TCGA: 616 CRC ZNa: 40 Normal 40 CRC	18 m5C regulatory factors	High-/low-risk groups	TCGA cohort: AUC of one-year OS = 0.638 AUC of three-year OS = 0.668 AUC of five-year OS = 0.719 Nomogram model: AUC of one-year OS = 0.783 AUC of three-year OS = 0.801 AUC of five-year OS = 0.795
[101]	Retrospective cohort study	TCGA: 568 CRC 44 Normal	11 m5C-related lncRNAs	Normal/CRC	TCGA cohort: AUC of one-year OS = 0.758 AUC of three-year OS = 0.761 AUC of five-year OS = 0.811
[16]	Retrospective cohort study	TCGA & GEO: 1358 CRC	21 m6A/m5C-related lncRNAs	High-/low-risk groups	TCGA cohort: AUC = 0.712 GEO cohort: AUC = 0.721
[75]	Case‒control study and retrospective cohort study	Human samples: 196 CRC 83 Normal Mouse modelb	m5C RNA methylation levels in peripheral blood immune cells	Normal/CRC	m5C: AUC = 0.888, sensitivity 92.4%, specificity 69.8% m5C + CEA + CA19 − 9 + CA125: AUC = 0.937
[102]	Retrospective cohort study		NSUN1	Normal/CRC
[103]	Retrospective observational study	Total: 3318 tumor samples (140 CRC) 5173 Normal	14 m5C-related miRNAs	Normal/CRC	Early diagnosis: AUC = 0.910 Diagnostic performance: AUC = 0.934, sensitivity 82.9%, specificity 91.6%

^aRepresents Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University cohort; ^bincludes ① MC38 Syngeneic model: 5 C57BL/6 control mice, 4 tumor-bearing mice ② AOM/DSS model: 5 C57BL/6 control mice, 8 CRC-induced mice ③ Apc-L850X model: 5 wild-type mice, 5 mutant mice ④ DLD-1 Xenograft model: 4 BALB/c control mice, 5 Oxaliplatin-treated mice, 4 5-FU-treated mice