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. 2025 Aug 22;15:71. doi: 10.1186/s13561-025-00637-4

Table 1.

The perceived financial threat across their socio-economic and demographic characteristics

Variables Category Perceived financial threat of COVID-19 X2
p-value
Substantial threat Moderate threat No much threat No threat at all
Count (%) Count(%) Count (%) Count(%)
Gender of HHH Male 1283(42) 409(13.4) 149(4.9) 283(9.3) 0.017
Female 605(19.8) 144(4.7) 51(1.7) 134(4.4)
Gender of the respondent Male 1169(38.2) 362(11.8) 125(4.1) 252(8.2) 0.382
Female 718(23.5) 191(6.2) 75(2.5) 165(5.4)
Respondent relation to HHH Head 1569(51.3) 438(14.3) 162(5.3) 337(11.0) 0.670
Spouse 167(5.5) 57(1.9) 20(0.7) 42(1.4)
Son/Daughter 123(4.0) 46(1.5) 13(0.4) 29(0.9)
Others 28(0.9) 12(0.4) 5(0.2) 9(0.3)
COVID-19 illness worry No worried at all 200(6.5) 74(2.4) 33(1.1) 209(6.8) 0.000
No too worried 134(4.4) 82(2.7) 47(1.5) 49(1.6)
Somewhat worried 286(9.4) 172(5.6) 46(1.5) 63(2.1)
Very worried 1268(41.5) 225(7.4) 74(2.4) 96(3.1)
Able to buy enough medicine No 53(8.9) 4(0.7) 2(0.3) 1(0.2) 0.000
Yes 322(54.0) 99(16.6) 35(5.9) 80(13.4)
Able to buy enough teff/injera No 221(16.1) 32(2.3) 15(1.1) 14(1.0) 0.000
Yes 672(49.0) 196(14.3) 60(4.4) 161(11.7)
Employment status Unemployed 464(15.2) 111(3.6) 36(1.2) 85(2.8) 0.021
Employed 1424(46.6) 442(14.5) 164(5.4) 332(10.9)
Additional income activities No 972(77.8) 158(12.7) 32(2.6) 58(4.6) 0.003
Yes 15(1.2) 8(0.6) 2(0.2) 4(0.3)
Relied on savings No 657(52.6) 136(10.9) 28(2.2) 47(3.8) 0.000
Yes 330(26.4) 30(2.4) 6(0.5) 15(1.2)
Household lacked nutritious food No 928(30.4) 347(11.3) 137(4.5) 310(10.1) 0.000
Yes 960(31.4) 206(6.7) 63(2.1) 107(3.5)
Residence Rural 538(17.6) 212(6.9) 66(2.2) 118(3.9) 0.000
Urban 1350(44.1) 341(11.2) 134(4.4) 299(9.8)