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. 2025 Aug 8;16:1652130. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1652130

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Copyright © 2025 Jiang, Li, Hu and Ma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating the relationship between structural position and innovation efficacy. Social capital and network centrality lead to AI-HI collaborative innovation. Innovation efficacy branches into core innovators, edge experts, and low-efficiency groups through residual matching, influenced by proactive personality and digital literacy. Feedback loops connect structural position and individual layers. — Research model and conceptual framework.