Table 7.

Mediation effect of PGI in academic support and learning engagement (grandparent).

Outcome variable	Predictor variable	B	β	SE	t	p
LE	Grade	−0.052	−0.007	0.470	−0.110	0.912
	Achievement	0.406	0.349***	0.071	5.727	0.000
	AS	0.552	0.424***	0.079	6.966	0.000
PGI	Grade	0.070	0.015	0.305	0.229	0.819
	Achievement	0.143	0.202**	0.046	3.112	0.002
	AS	0.344	0.434***	0.051	6.704	0.000
LE	Grade	−0.105	−0.014	0.410	−0.256	0.798
	Achievement	0.297	0.255***	0.063	4.682	0.000
	AS	0.289	0.222***	0.077	3.750	0.000
	PGI	0.763	0.466***	0.100	7.657	0.000

LE, learning engagement; PGI, personal growth initiative; AS, academic support.

**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.