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. 2025 Aug 8;16:1618617. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1618617

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Copyright © 2025 Zhang, Zhao, Ng, Liu, Liang, In Lao and Ning.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Funnel plot showing the relationship between observed outcomes and standard error for mental health studies, utilizing the trim-and-fill method. Data points are spread around a central funnel, indicating potential publication bias. — The trim-and-fill funnel plot by Metafor package.