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. 2025 Aug 22;23:118. doi: 10.1186/s12958-025-01442-8

Table 1.

Study population demographics (N = 50)

n Percentage
Free testosterone, ng/mL, mean (SD) 551.98 (168.58)
Age in years, mean (SD) 20.5 (0.79)
1 Type of Diet
Lacto-Vegan (Vegetarian) 17 34
Eggetarian (Vegetarian consuming eggs and egg products) 7 14
Non-Vegetarian 26 52
2 Type of Exercise/Sports:
Hypertrophy training / Strength training at the gym 17 34
Cardiovascular exercise / Sport 19 38
No exercise 14 28
3 Exercise Frequency
Intense daily exercise + physical job/activity 14 28
Moderately active 17 34
Lightly active 11 22
no exercise 8 16
4 Tea Consumption
Daily 22 44
Several times a week 19 38
Rarely / Never 9 18
5 Carbonated Beverages/Soft Drinks
Daily 6 12
Several times a week 18 36
Rarely / Never 26 52
6 Caffeine Intake
Daily 13 26
Several times a week 22 44
Rarely / Never 15 30
7 Tobacco Use
Daily 10 20
Several times a week 12 24
Rarely / Never 28 56
8 Soya-Based Product Consumption
Daily 4 8
Several times a week 4 8
Rarely / Never 42 84
9 Junk Food Intake
Daily 15 30
Several times a week 20 40
Rarely / Never 15 30
10 Dairy Product Consumption
Daily 16 32
Several times a week 22 44
Rarely / Never 12 24
11 Sleep Duration
Less than 6 h 5 10
6 to 8 h 37 74
More than 8 h 8 16
12 Sunlight Exposure
Less than 20 min 39 78
20 to 60 min 8 16
More than 60 min 3 6
13 Supplement Use
No 39 78
Yes (any) 11 22