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. 2025 Aug 22;25:2899. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23746-5

Table 3.

Missions and mission areas the study participants deployed to before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Pre-pandemic
(n = 96)
(2013–2016)
Peri-pandemic
(n = 95)
(2021–2022)
Country: Mandate Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Afghanistan: ISAF/RS/UNAMA1 54 56.3 24 25.3
Kosovo: KFOR2 17 17.7 2 2.1
Turkey: Active Fence 1 1 0 0
Mali: MINUSMA/EUTM3 9 9.4 32 33.7
Niger: MINUSMA GAZELLE 0 0 7 7.3
Irak: CD/CBI4 1 1 11 11.6
Libanon: UNIFIL5 0 0 2 2.1
Estonia: VAPB6 0 0 15 15.8
Lithuania: efP. BTG7 0 0 1 1.1
Missing 14 14.6 1 1.1
Total 96 100.0 95 100.0

1ISAF International Security Assistance Force, RS = Resolute Support,

2KFOR Kosovo Force

3MINUSMA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, EUTM = European Union Training Mission Mali

4CD/CBI Counter Daesh/Capacity Building

5UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

6VAPB Strengthening Air Policing Baltic states (Verstärkung Air Policing Baltikum)

7eFP enhanced Forward Presence (Lithuania), BTG: Battle Group