Table 4.
Comparison of critical incidents/traumatic events between pre- and peri-pandemic sample
| Traumatic event | Assessment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pandemic | Pre-pandemic | |||
|
Life Events Checklist (LEC-5) of the PCL1) 2) |
Combat Experience Scale (CES) of the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory (DRRI)2) | |||
| Experience of having been attacked | attacked by weapon | attacked | attacked by small arms | attacked by artillery, rockets or mortars |
| 12.5% | 24% | 21.6% | 27.8% | |
| Combat | Combat activities (10) | Shot at opponent (16) | Close combat (18) | Ordered gunfire/shelling |
| 25% | 14.4% | 1% | 3.1% | |
| Life-threatening illness or injury | Life-threatening illness or injury | Knew someone who was severely injured or killed | Saw dead or wounded soldiers | |
| 8.3% | 21.6% | 23.6% | ||
| Violent death | Sudden violent death | Knew someone who was severely injured or killed | Saw dead or wounded soldiers | |
| 10.4% | 21.6% | 23.6% | ||
| Severe human suffering | Severe human suffering | Saw wounded women or children and could not help | ||
| 13.5% | 37.5% | |||
| Caused death or severe injury | Caused death or severe injury | Responsible for death of opponent | ||
| 7.3% | 1% | |||
| Traumatic incident during deployment | 36% | 60% | ||
1Caution should be exercised due to limited reliability of the measurements
2For the LEC-5 only duty-related incidents were counted
3Events were dichotomised (yes = 2, no = 1)