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. 2025 Aug 22;14:90. doi: 10.1186/s13741-025-00571-3

Table 5.

POD incidence, POD severity, and pain severity

Effect Estimate SE p-value
POD incidence (CAM-ICU)
Group 0.23 - 0.8769
Time 3.16 - 0.0016
Surgery duration 0.22 - 0.6398
POD severity (CAM-ICU-7)
Group PS  − 0.1245 0.1194 0.3002
Group MS  − 0.1471 0.1202 0.2249
Group MK  − 0.1193 0.1154 0.3045
Group PK 0
Surgery night 1.3000 0.2067  <.0001
1 st day 0.5375 0.1302  <.0001
1 st night 0.3750 0.1507 0.0151
2nd day 0.1875 0.1095 0.0911
2nd night 0.02498 0.09727 0.7980
3rd day 0.07498 0.07305 0.3080
3rd night 0.05192 0.09597 0.5901
4th day 0.01256 0.03786 0.7409
4th night 0
Pain severity (VAS)
Group PS  − 0.2702 0.4799 0.5751
Group MS 0.8843 0.4832 0.0712
Group MK 0.2680 0.4634 0.5648
Group PK 0
Surgery night 2.3720 0.4890  <.0001
1 st day 2.8285 0.3905  <.0001
1 st night 1.9660 0.4911 0.0001
2nd day 1.0535 0.4041 0.0110
2nd night 0.7660 0.4025 0.0609
3rd day 0.5535 0.3369 0.1047
3rd night 0.5694 0.3765 0.1346
4th day 0.02052 0.3021 0.9460
4th night 0

PS, placebo-saline; MS, melatonin-saline; MK, melatonin-ketamine; PK, placebo-saline; CAM, Confusion Assessment Method; VAS, visual analogue scale