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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Infant Behav Dev. 2025 Aug 1;80:102119. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102119

Table 4.

Participant-level comparisons of hand coding vs. ARKit classification

Participant Total eye-tracking samples % agreement χ 2 (df=4) p-value Cramer’s V Cohen’s κ
Fam1 3079 92.1 2032.0 <.001 .812 .807
Fam2 3294 78.7 1271.8 <.001 .621 .585
Fam3 3827 27.1 11.1 <.001 .058 .018
Fam4 3109 96.9 2694.0 <.001 .931 .931
Fam5 3077 95.1 2462.8 <.001 .895 .893
Fam6 3322 88.7 1362.5 <.001 .640 .624
Fam7 3347 91.2 2181.6 <.001 .807 .807
Fam8 3289 89.4 2090.8 <.001 .797 .790
Fam9 3069 52.7 294.6 <.001 .310 .199
Fam10 3356 60.3 406.5 <.001 .348 .224

LwL1 3,330 75.6 2521.2 <.001 .615 .601
LwL2 3,139 93.2 4243.8 <.001 .822 .877
LwL3 3,426 93.5 5004.4 <.001 .855 .890
LwL4 3,164 40.2 500.5 <.001 .218 .111
LwL5 2,936 92.0 Fisher’s exact test p<.001 .849
LwL6 3,130 77.6 3069.9 <.001 .700 .664
LwL7 1,950 75.7 822.2 <.001 .459 .468
LwL8 3,365 57.5 1571.0 <.001 .483 .374
LwL9 3,350 78.2 1943.5 <.001 .539 .505
LwL10 3,357 87.3 4476.6 <.001 .817 .806

Note. A significant chi-square rejects the null hypothesis that the two methods are independent from each other; that is, there is an association between the methods.