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. 2025 Aug 22;25:2885. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24030-2

Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants

Variables* Disability status Total
n = 53,615(100%)
f++
P-value
WwoD
n = 46,108 (85.5%)
WwD
n = 7,507(14.5%)
Age in 5-year groups
 15–19 2883(6.3) 192(2.6) 3075(5.7) p < 0.001
 20–24 9732(21.1) 1081(14.4) 10,813(20.2)
 25–29 12,338(26.8) 1526(20.3) 13,864(25.9)
 30–34 10,292(22.3) 1754(23.4) 12,047(22.5)
 35–39 6866(14.9) 1568(20.9) 8434(15.7)
 40–44 3054(6.6) 1020(13.6) 4074(7.6)
 45–49 944(2.0) 365(4.9) 1309(2.4)
Type of place of residence
 Urban 14,826(32.2) 2265(30.2) 17,091(31.9) p < 0.001
 Rural 31,282(67.8) 5242(69.8) 36,525(68.1)
Highest educational level
 No education 14,710(31.9) 2106(28.0) 16,816(31.4) p < 0.001
 Primary 15,593(33.8) 3328(44.3) 18,921(35.3)
 Secondary 12,833(27.8) 1707(22.7) 14,539(27.1)
 Higher 2972(6.4) 367(4.9) 3339(6.2)
Sex of household head
 Male 35,328(76.6) 5224(69.6) 40,552(75.6) p < 0.001
 Female 10,780(23.4) 2283(30.4) 13,063(24.4)
Wealth index combined
 Poorest 9707(21.1) 1632(21.7) 11,339(21.1) P < 0.001
 Poorer 9353(20.3) 1635(21.8) 10,987(20.5)
 Middle 9106(19.7) 1509(20.1) 10,614(19.8)
 Richer 9124(19.8) 1459(19.4) 10,583(19.7)
 Richest 8819(19.1) 1274(17.0) 10,092(18.8)
Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine
 Not at all 37,700(81.8) 6271(83.5) 43,971(82) P < 0.001
 Less than once a week 4968(10.8) 758(10.1) 5726(10.7)
 At least once a week 3438(7.5) 478(6.4) 3915(7.3)
Frequency of listening to radio
 Not at all 21,952(47.6) 3525(47.0) 25,477(47.5) p < 0.001
 Less than once a week 8782(19.0) 1260(16.8) 10,042(18.7)
 At least once a week 15,374(33.3) 2722(36.3) 18,096(33.8)
Frequency of watching television
 Not at all 22,503(48.8) 4216(56.2) 26,719(49.8) p < 0.001
 Less than once a week 7930(17.2) 1128(15.0) 9058(16.9)
 At least once a week 15,675(34) 2163(28.8) 17,838(33.3)
WHO region
 South and south-east Asia 14,173(30.7) 1855(24.7) 16,028(29.9) p < 0.001
 Sub-Saharan Africa 31,936(69.3) 5652(75.3) 37,588(70.1)
Marital Status
 Not Married/Not in union 5418(11.8) 993(13.2) 6411(12.0) p < 0.001
 Married/living with partner 40,690(88.2) 6514(86.8) 47,204(88.0)
 Respondent currently working P = 0.001
 No 24,267(52.6) 3235(43.1) 27,502(51.3)
 Yes 21,841(47.4) 4272(56.9) 26,113(48.7)
 Covered by health insurance P < 0.001
 No 30,034(82.8) 5631(82.1) 35,666(82.7)
 Yes 6249(17.2) 1226(17.9) 7475(17.3)

** Design-based f-statistics; *Percentages are generated from the column total