Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of diabetic participants stratified by WWI tertile
| Variables | Total (N = 3375) | weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1(8.91–11.30) N = 1125 |
T2(11.31–11.91) N = 1125 |
T3(11.91–14.37) N = 1125 |
|||
| Age(years) | 59.97 ± 13.30 | 55.86 ± 13.12 | 60.76 ± 13.23 | 63.29 ± 12.47 | < 0.001 |
| PIR | 2.32 ± 1.55 | 2.55 ± 1.60 | 2.30 ± 1.54 | 2.12 ± 1.48 | < 0.001 |
| Energy (kcal) | 1898.25 ± 798.91 | 2066.58 ± 863.92 | 1854.81 ± 781.11 | 1773.36 ± 716.62 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (g) | 77.35 ± 35.29 | 83.86 ± 39.21 | 76.27 ± 34.28 | 71.91 ± 30.85 | < 0.001 |
| Total fat (g) | 75.25 ± 38.92 | 81.69 ± 40.86 | 73.22 ± 38.62 | 70.83 ± 36.35 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 224.59 ± 98.21 | 241.75 ± 106.84 | 220.52 ± 97.56 | 211.32 ± 86.80 | < 0.001 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 16.66 ± 9.23 | 17.82 ± 10.00 | 16.65 ± 9.42 | 15.49 ± 8.01 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 865.40 ± 460.52 | 917.08 ± 493.64 | 849.07 ± 471.30 | 830.04 ± 408.19 | < 0.001 |
| Total folic acid (µg) | 368.71 ± 197.69 | 392.62 ± 215.44 | 364.66 ± 192.99 | 348.85 ± 180.76 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 4.76 ± 6.15 | 5.04 ± 6.02 | 4.70 ± 5.85 | 4.55 ± 6.56 | 0.002 |
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 1796 (53.21%) | 755 (67.11%) | 637 (56.62%) | 404 (35.91%) | |
| Female | 1579 (46.79%) | 370 (32.89%) | 488 (43.38%) | 721 (64.09%) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 605 (17.93%) | 163 (14.49%) | 225 (20.00%) | 217 (19.29%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 375 (11.11%) | 108 (9.60%) | 125 (11.11%) | 142 (12.62%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1196 (35.44%) | 314 (27.91%) | 389 (34.58%) | 493 (43.82%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 850 (25.19%) | 388 (34.49%) | 265 (23.56%) | 197 (17.51%) | |
| Other Race | 349 (10.34%) | 152 (13.51%) | 121 (10.76%) | 76 (6.76%) | |
| Education level | < 0.001 | ||||
| < High school | 999 (29.60%) | 268 (23.82%) | 332 (29.51%) | 399 (35.47%) | |
| High school | 781 (23.14%) | 270 (24.00%) | 244 (21.69%) | 267 (23.73%) | |
| >High school | 1595 (47.26%) | 587 (52.18%) | 549 (48.80%) | 459 (40.80%) | |
| Marital status | < 0.001 | ||||
| Non-single | 2038 (60.39%) | 705 (62.67%) | 717 (63.73%) | 616 (54.76%) | |
| Single | 1337 (39.61%) | 420 (37.33%) | 408 (36.27%) | 509 (45.24%) | |
| Alcohol use | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 1993 (59.05%) | 725 (64.44%) | 667 (59.29%) | 601 (53.42%) | |
| No | 1382 (40.95%) | 400 (35.56%) | 458 (40.71%) | 524 (46.58%) | |
| Smoking | 0.231 | ||||
| Yes | 1687 (49.99%) | 539 (47.91%) | 576 (51.20%) | 572 (50.84%) | |
| No | 1688 (50.01%) | 586 (52.09%) | 549 (48.80%) | 553 (49.16%) | |
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 2206 (65.36%) | 671 (59.64%) | 734 (65.24%) | 801 (71.20%) | |
| No | 1169 (34.64%) | 454 (40.36%) | 391 (34.76%) | 324 (28.80%) | |
| Physical activity | < 0.001 | ||||
| light | 1623 (48.09%) | 466 (41.42%) | 532 (47.29%) | 625 (55.56%) | |
| moderate | 1153 (34.16%) | 359 (31.91%) | 412 (36.62%) | 382 (33.96%) | |
| vigorous | 599 (17.75%) | 300 (26.67%) | 181 (16.09%) | 118 (10.49%) | |
| Depressive symptoms | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 427 (12.65%) | 92 (8.18%) | 138 (12.27%) | 197 (17.51%) | |
| No | 2948 (87.35%) | 1033 (91.82%) | 987 (87.73%) | 928 (82.49%) | |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student's t-test. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests and expressed as frequencies (n) and percentages (%); PIR poverty-income ratio