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. 2025 Aug 8;12:1573333. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2025.1573333

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© 2025 Calloni, Carone, Cavaliere, de Laurentis, Bussa, Antolini, Nicolosi, Carrabba, Fontanella, Cenzato, DiMeco, Acerbi and Giussani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A grid of line graphs compares performance metrics across three sessions. Each graph represents a different skill: positioning and posture, use of microscope, handling of surgical instruments, vessel handling and respect for tissue, needle handling and care, needle bite uniformity, spacing of sutures, knot tying, microsurgical efficiency with the needle, microsurgical efficiency with knot tying, evaluation of complete anastomosis off pump, evaluation of complete anastomosis on pump, and lumen. The graphs display median values for three instruments: MICRO, ESO, and Instrument. Performance trends are visualized over the sessions — Spaghetti plots describing average scores for each task across 3 repetitions.