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. 2025 Aug 7;16:1544411. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1544411

Table 5.

Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables.

Variables Mean SD (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
(1) Gender 0.68 0.47
(2) Age 23.3 3.86 0.01
(3) Academic degree 0.40 0.49 0.23* 0.43*
(4) First-gen 0.28 0.45 −0.17* 0.10 −0.05
(5) PLE 0.71 0.43 0.07 0.11 0.13* −0.12
(6) SSRM 0.63 0.48 0.14* −0.13* 0.13* −0.52* 0.23*
(7) FLSA 5.18 1.25 0.48* −0.06 0.25* −0.23* 0.14* 0.25* (0.85)
(8) AFF-MTL 4.40 1.54 −0.16* 0.02 −0.20* 0.06 −0.09 −0.08 −0.10 (0.96)
(9) SN-MTL 3.75 1.23 −0.31* −0.05 −0.23* 0.17* −0.09 −0.25* −0.40* 0.15* (0.89)
(10) NC-MTL 5.05 1.15 0.27* 0.02 0.36* −0.16* 0.18* 0.28* 0.49* −0.14* −0.46* (0.89)
(11) PS-MTL 6.12 0.77 0.40* 0.09 0.24* −0.18* 0.23* 0.22* 0.47* −0.04 −0.29* 0.49* (0.89)

N = 248. Cronbach’s Alpha is on the diagonal in the parentheses for psychometric variables. Gender was coded as 1 = female, 0 = male; Academic degree (1 = yes, 2 = no); First-gen = first-generation college student (1 = yes, 0 = no); PLE = Past leadership experience (1 = yes, 0 = no); SSRM = same-sex role model (1 = yes, 0 = no); FLSA = female leadership strength awareness; AFF-MTL = affective-identity motivation to lead; SN-MTL = social normative motivation to lead; NC-MTL = non-calculative motivation to lead; PS-MTL = prosocial motivation to lead. *p < 0.05.