Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics of the study sample by sleep quality outcome.
| Characteristic | CBCL | PSD4a | PSRI4a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 1,123 | p-valuea | N = 374 | p-valuea | N = 142 | p-valuea | |
| Child age (years) | 0.7 | 0.08 | 0.8 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.9 (0.8) | 5.4 (1.0) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.5) | 4.7 (4.4, 5.1) | 5.1 (4.9, 5.9) | |||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Child sex, N (%) | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | |||
| Male | 580 (52%) | 185 (49%) | 66 (46%) | |||
| Female | 543 (48% | 189 (51%) | 76 (54%) | |||
| Child race/ethnicity, N (%) | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 385 (35%) | 51 (14%) | 23 (16%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 91 (8.3%) | <10 (<5%) | <5 (<5%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 61 (5.5%) | 44 (12%) | <5 (<5%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic other | 90 (8.2%) | 36 (9.7%) | 8 (5.6%) | |||
| Hispanic | 476 (43%) | 235 (63%) | 110 (77%) | |||
| Missing | 20 | <5 | 0 | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.8 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 30.8 (5.5) | 31.4 (4.9) | 30.1 (5.1) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 31.0 (27.0, 35.0) | 32.0 (28.0, 35.0) | 30.0 (27.0, 34.0) | |||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Gestational age at birth (months) | 0.7 | 0.9 | >0.9 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 38.8 (1.7) | 38.5 (2.0) | 38.2 (2.1) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 39.0 (38.0, 40.0) | 39.0 (38.0, 40.0) | 39.0 (38.0, 39.0) | |||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Birth weight (grams) | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.02 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 3,313.3 (518.7) | 3,293.9 (523.1) | 3,227.2 (575.5) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 3,340.0 (2,990.0, 3,651.2) | 3,340.0 (2,977.8, 3,621.8) | 3,232.0 (2,941.0, 3,607.2) | |||
| Missing | 31 | 8 | 6 | |||
| Maternal education, N (%) | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||
| Less than high school | 88 (7.9%) | <5 (<5%) | <5 (<5%) | |||
| High school degree, GED/equivalent | 178 (16%) | 31 (8.3%) | 11 (7.8%) | |||
| Some college, no degree, and above | 848 (76%) | 339 (91%) | 129 (91%) | |||
| Missing | 9 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Annual household income, N (%) | 0.14 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |||
| <$30,000 | 219 (32%) | 95 (29%) | 65 (50%) | |||
| $30,000–$49,999 | 82 (12%) | 56 (17%) | 27 (21%) | |||
| $50,000–$74,999 | 84 (12%) | 45 (14%) | 16 (12%) | |||
| $75,000 or more | 293 (43%) | 136 (41%) | 23 (18%) | |||
| Missing | 445 | 42 | 221 | |||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI category, N (%) | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |||
| Underweight | 27 (2.6%) | 10 (2.7%) | 6 (4.4%) | |||
| Normal weight | 454 (44%) | 148 (40%) | 61 (45%) | |||
| Overweight | 286 (28%) | 96 (26%) | 36 (26%) | |||
| Obese | 267 (26%) | 114 (31%) | 34 (25%) | |||
| Missing | 89 | 6 | 5 | |||
| Sleep Quality | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 53.08 (5.36) | 50.66 (9.07) | 47.55 (8.87) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 51 (50.0, 53.0) | 49.64 (41.39, 57.14) | 46.22 (39.95, 51.49) | |||
BMI, body mass index; CBCL, child behavior checklist; GED, general educational development; IQR, interquartile range; PSD4a, PROMIS parent proxy short form-sleep disturbance 4a; PSRI4a, PROMIS parent proxy short form sleep-related impairment 4a; SD, standard deviation.
a
Welch's two-sample t-test and Pearson's chi-squared test for sex difference for continuous and categorical variables.