Table 3.
Results of linear mixed regression models assessing the association between tertiles of phenol exposure during pregnancy and child sleep outcomes.
| Phenol | CBCL | PSD | PSRI4a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile (range) | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Tertile (range) | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Tertile (range) | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value |
| BP3 | BP3 | BP3 | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.05, 38.12) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (2.05, 32.23) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (2.05, 29.28) |
Referent | ||||||
| Tertile 2 (38.12, 214.56) |
0.39 | −1.14, 1.92 | 0.62 | Tertile 2 (32.23, 207.12) |
0.58 | −2.33, 3.49 | 0.70 | Tertile 2 (29.28, 142.39) |
2.80 | −2.13, 7.73 | 0.26 |
| Tertile 3 (214.56, 5832.60) |
1.01 | −0.57, 2.59 | 0.21 | Tertile 3 (207.12, 5832.60) |
2.08 | −0.89, 5.05 | 0.17 | Tertile 3 (142.39, 4862.78) |
2.34 | −2.42, 7.10 | 0.33 |
| Tertile 2 X child sex | 0.48 | −1.69, 2.64 | 0.67 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 0.90 | −3.24, 5.04 | 0.67 | Tertile 2 X child sex | −4.18 | −11.09, 2.73 | 0.23 |
| Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.07 | −2.10, 2.23 | 0.95 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.78 | −3.31, 4.88 | 0.71 | Tertile 3 X child sex | −0.82 | −7.81, 6.17 | 0.82 |
| BPA | BPA | BPA | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.04, 0.70) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.12, 0.79) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.29, 1.30) |
Referent | ||||||
| Tertile 2 (0.70, 1.44) |
−0.04 | −1.18, 1.10 | 0.94 | Tertile 2 (0.79, 1.61) |
−0.33 | −3.22, 2.56 | 0.82 | Tertile 2 (1.30, 2.04) |
−0.97 | −5.70, 3.76 | 0.68 |
| Tertile 3 (1.44, 10.55) |
0.56 | −0.58, 1.71 | 0.33 | Tertile 3 (0.79, 1.61) |
−0.06 | −3.27, 3.15 | 0.97 | Tertile 3 (2.04, 13.04) |
−0.08 | −4.58, 4.43 | 0.97 |
| Tertile 2 X child sex | 0.13 | −1.45, 1.72 | 0.87 | Tertile 2 X child sex | −0.40 | −4.47, 3.68 | 0.85 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 7.70 | 1.21, 14.20 | 0.02 |
| Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.46 | −1.14, 2.05 | 0.57 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 1.85 | −2.27, 5.97 | 0.38 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 4.06 | −2.72, 10.84 | 0.24 |
| BPS | BPS | BPS | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.02, 0.33) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.05, 0.41) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.05, 0.36) |
Referent | ||||||
| Tertile 2 (0.33, 0.75) |
−0.69 | −1.84, 0.46 | 0.24 | Tertile 2 (0.41, 0.91) |
−0.60 | −3.66, 2.46 | 0.70 | Tertile 2 (0.36, 0.75) |
−1.19 | −6.45, 4.06 | 0.65 |
| Tertile 3 (0.75, 9.32) |
−0.93 | −2.06, 0.21 | 0.11 | Tertile 3 (0.91, 8.08) |
−0.72 | −3.73, 2.30 | 0.64 | Tertile 3 (0.75, 4.87) |
1.57 | −3.02, 6.17 | 0.50 |
| Tertile 2 X child sex | 0.67 | −0.93, 2.27 | 0.41 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 0.84 | −3.60, 5.28 | 0.71 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 3.44 | −3.87, 10.75 | 0.35 |
| Tertile 3 X child sex | 1.29 | −0.32, 2.89 | 0.12 | Tertile 3 X child sex | −0.29 | −4.73, 4.14 | 0.90 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.36 | −6.81, 7.52 | 0.92 |
| DCP 24 | DCP 24 | DCP 24 | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.08, 0.46) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.10, 0.63) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.10, 0.63) |
Referent | ||||||
| Tertile 2 (0.46, 1.02) |
−1.16 | −2.88, 0.56 | 0.19 | Tertile 2 (0.63, 1.37) |
1.40 | −2.57, 5.36 | 0.49 | Tertile 2 (0.63, 1.40) |
3.45 | −1.10, 8.01 | 0.14 |
| Tertile 3 (1.02, 58.37) |
−0.31 | −2.08, 1.46 | 0.73 | Tertile 3 (1.37, 52.72) |
−3.76 | −7.84, 0.32 | 0.07 | Tertile 3 (1.40, 52.72) |
−3.40 | −7.84, 1.04 | 0.13 |
| Tertile 2 X child sex | 1.62 | −0.83, 4.06 | 0.19 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 0.63 | −5.23, 6.50 | 0.83 | Tertile 2 X child sex | −0.55 | −7.16, 6.05 | 0.87 |
| Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.23 | −2.21, 2.67 | 0.85 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 4.07 | −1.86, 10.01 | 0.18 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 8.94 | 2.07, 15.82 | 0.01 |
| DCP 25 | DCP 25 | DCP 25 | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.06, 1.12) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.24, 3.97) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.48, 4.81) |
Referent | ||||||
| Tertile 2 (1.12, 4.46) |
0.97 | −0.80, 2.73 | 0.28 | Tertile 2 (3.97, 15.27) |
1.20 | −3.20, 5.61 | 0.59 | Tertile 2 (4.81, 15.72) |
0.67 | −4.44, 5.79 | 0.80 |
| Tertile 3 (4.46, 1612.68) |
−0.82 | −2.61, 0.97 | 0.37 | Tertile 3 (15.27, 1612.68) |
−4.45 | −9.21, 0.31 | 0.07 | Tertile 3 (15.72, 709.25) |
−3.42 | −8.69, 1.84 | 0.20 |
| Tertile 2 X child sex | −0.60 | −3.06, 1.85 | 0.63 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 1.36 | −4.59, 7.31 | 0.65 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 1.82 | −5.09, 8.73 | 0.60 |
| Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.39 | −2.08, 2.86 | 0.75 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 4.31 | −1.61, 10.22 | 0.15 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 10.21 | 3.36, 17.06 | 0.00 |
| Methylparaben | Methylparaben | Methylparaben | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (1.43, 42.71) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (2.45, 43.56) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (2.45, 41.26) |
Referent | ||||||
| Tertile 2 (42.71, 171.27) |
−0.81 | −2.41, 0.79 | 0.32 | Tertile 2 (43.56, 183.16) |
−3.37 | −7.50, 0.76 | 0.11 | Tertile 2 (41.26, 182.83) |
−4.79 | −9.45, −0.14 | 0.04 |
| Tertile 3 (171.27, 1442.89) |
−0.02 | −1.66, 1.63 | 0.99 | Tertile 3 (183.16, 1211.27) |
−0.54 | −4.86, 3.77 | 0.80 | Tertile 3 (182.83, 1166.51) |
−3.80 | −8.73, 1.13 | 0.13 |
| Tertile 2 X child sex | 0.73 | −1.51, 2.97 | 0.52 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 2.71 | −3.41, 8.82 | 0.38 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 1.55 | −5.51, 8.62 | 0.66 |
| Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.45 | −1.80, 2.69 | 0.70 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.72 | −5.27, 6.70 | 0.81 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 4.59 | −2.37, 11.55 | 0.19 |
| Propylparaben | Propylparaben | Propylparaben | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.16, 6.31) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.22, 5.69) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.26, 5.33) |
Referent | ||||||
| Tertile 2 (6.31, 42.98) |
−0.95 | −2.51, 0.61 | 0.23 | Tertile 2 (5.69, 36.69) |
0.25 | −3.80, 4.31 | 0.90 | Tertile 2 (5.33, 34.61) |
1.04 | −3.67, 5.74 | 0.66 |
| Tertile 3 (42.98, 569.30) |
−0.27 | −1.85, 1.31 | 0.74 | Tertile 3 (36.69, 559.87) |
1.46 | −2.87, 5.80 | 0.51 | Tertile 3 (34.61, 559.87) |
−2.55 | −7.44, 2.35 | 0.30 |
| Tertile 2 X child sex | −2.12 | −4.33, 0.09 | 0.06 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 1.33 | −4.92, 7.58 | 0.68 | Tertile 2 X child sex | −0.36 | −7.53, 6.81 | 0.92 |
| Tertile 3 X child sex | −1.52 | −3.73, 0.68 | 0.17 | Tertile 3 X child sex | −1.42 | −7.45, 4.62 | 0.64 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 5.17 | −1.88, 12.22 | 0.15 |
| Triclosan | Triclosan | Triclosan | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.24, 5.76) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (0.40, 5.07) |
Referent | Tertile 1 (1.11, 5.71) |
Referent | ||||||
| Tertile2 (5.76, 32.60) |
−0.03 | −1.53, 1.46 | 0.97 | Tertile2 (5.07, 62.26) |
−0.39 | −3.43, 2.64 | 0.80 | Tertile2 (5.71, 101.86) |
1.71 | −3.32, 6.75 | 0.50 |
| Tertile3 (32.60, 1049.13) |
0.01 | −1.44, 1.46 | 0.99 | Tertile3 (62.26, 956.42) |
−0.27 | −3.13, 2.59 | 0.85 | Tertile3 (101.86, 956.42) |
−2.69 | −7.51, 2.14 | 0.27 |
| Tertile 2 X child sex | 0.65 | −1.37, 2.68 | 0.53 | Tertile 2 X child sex | 1.25 | −2.86, 5.36 | 0.55 | Tertile 2 X child sex | −4.42 | −11.43, 2.58 | 0.21 |
| Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.11 | −1.92, 2.13 | 0.92 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 1.24 | −2.91, 5.40 | 0.56 | Tertile 3 X child sex | 0.65 | −6.48, 7.77 | 0.86 |
BP3, benzophenone-3; BPA, bisphenol A; BPS, bisphenol S; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CI, confidence interval; DCP24, 2,4-dichlorophenol; DCP25, 2,5-dichlorophenol; PSD4a, PROMIS Parent Proxy Short Form-Sleep Disturbance 4a; PSRI4a, PROMIS Parent Proxy Short Form Sleep-related Impairment 4a.
Model adjusted for child age in years (at outcome assessment), child gestational age at birth, highest level of maternal education (<high school, high school or equivalent, and some college or more), and maternal age at delivery.
Bold text indicates significance at the p<0.10 level.
Higher scores on sleep measures indicate more sleep issues.