Table 4.
Results of linear mixed regression models assessing the association between tertiles of phenol exposure during pregnancy and child sleep outcomes by child sex.
| CBCL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenol | Sample size (boys/girls) | Urinary phenol level (Cutoff) | Boys β (95% CI) | Girls β (95% CI) |
| BP3 | 331/324 | Tertile 1 (0.05, 41.76) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (41.76, 246.12) | 0.75 (−0.85, 2.35) | 0.48 (−1.03, 2.00) | ||
| Tertile 3 (246.12, 4769.08) | 0.92 (−0.66, 2.50) | 1.21 (−0.37, 2.78) | ||
| BPA | 525/502 | Tertile 1 (0.04, 0.70) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.70, 1.42) | 0.11 (−1.01, 1.22) | 0.09 (−1.06, 1.24) | ||
| Tertile 3 (1.42, 10.55) | 0.99 (−0.16, 2.15) | 0.66 (−0.50, 1.82) | ||
| BPS | 463/456 | Tertile 1 (0.04, 0.34) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.34, 0.74) | −0.16 (−1.28, 0.97) | −0.67 (−1.85, 0.52) | ||
| Tertile 3 (0.74, 9.16) | 0.26 (−0.91, 1.43) | −1.04 (−2.22, 0.14) | ||
| DCP24 | 238/244 | Tertile 1 (0.13, 0.45) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.45, 1.06) | 0.24 (−1.48, 1.96) | −1.06 (−2.83, 0.72) | ||
| Tertile 3 (1.06, 45.78) | −0.35 (−2.04, 1.35) | −0.32 (−2.13, 1.49) | ||
| DCP25 | 238/241 | Tertile 1 (0.15, 0.99) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.99, 3.98) | 0.55 (−1.13, 2.23) | 0.91 (−0.92, 2.73) | ||
| Tertile 3 (3.98, 1612.68) | −0.31 (−2.13, 1.51) | −0.73 (−2.60, 1.14) | ||
| Methylparaben | 302/289 | Tertile 1 (1.43, 41.33) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (41.33, 175.61) | −0.03 (−1.61, 1.56) | −0.95 (−2.56, 0.66) | ||
| Tertile 3 (175.61, 1176.74) | 0.50 (−1.06, 2.06) | −0.06 (−1.68, 1.56) | ||
| Propylparaben | 299/290 | Tertile 1 (0.22, 6.96) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (6.96, 44.08) | 1.10 (−0.48, 2.67) | −0.89 (−2.44, 0.67) | ||
| Tertile 3 (44.08, 513.55) | 1.31 (−0.27, 2.90) | −0.31 (−1.88, 1.25) | ||
| Triclosan | 377/358 | Tertile 1 (0.24, 5.45) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (5.45, 28.13) | 0.71 (−0.72, 2.14) | 0.06 (−1.40, 1.52) | ||
| Tertile 3 (28.13, 842.12) | 0.03 (−1.45, 1.51) | 0.05 (−1.37, 1.47) | ||
| PSD4a | ||||
| Phenol | Sample size (boys/girls) | Urinary phenol level (Cutoff) | Boys β (95% CI) | Girls β (95% CI) |
| BP3 | 183/187 | Tertile 1 (2.61, 31.49) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (31.49, 227.19) | 1.77 (−1.25, 4.79) | −0.04 (−3.08, 2.99) | ||
| Tertile 3 (227.19, 4769.08) | **3.20 (0.27, 6.14) ** | 1.81 (−1.26, 4.88) | ||
| BPA | 183/187 | Tertile 1 (0.18, 0.83) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.83, 1.70) | −0.69 (−3.75, 2.36) | −0.60 (−3.61, 2.41) | ||
| Tertile 3 (1.70, 8.83) | 1.97 (−1.27, 5.20) | −0.74 (−4.32, 2.84) | ||
| BPS | 136/155 | Tertile 1 (0.09, 0.42) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.42, 0.91) | −0.21 (−3.50, 3.09) | −0.26 (−3.45, 2.94) | ||
| Tertile 3 (0.91, 8.08) | −1.35 (−4.70, 2.01) | −0.35 (−3.51, 2.81) | ||
| DCP24 | 79/89 | Tertile 1 (0.14, 0.63) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.63, 1.49) | 2.57 (−1.70, 6.84) | 1.21 (−3.11, 5.53) | ||
| Tertile 3 (1.49, 45.78) | −0.27 (−4.60, 4.05) | −3.78 (−8.24, 0.68) | ||
| DCP25 | 79/88 | Tertile 1 (0.24, 3.16) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (3.16, 17.88) | 1.22 (−4.41, 6.86) | 1.34 (−3.88, 6.56) | ||
| Tertile 3 (17.88, 1612.68) | −1.88 (−7.48, 3.71) | −4.36 (−10.05, 1.33) | ||
| Methylparaben | 78/87 | Tertile 1 (2.45, 45.15) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (45.15, 219.97) | −0.56 (−4.88, 3.76) | −3.12 (−7.76, 1.53) | ||
| Tertile 3 (219.97, 1211.27) | −0.21 (−4.32, 3.90) | −0.30 (−5.12, 4.51) | ||
| Propylparaben | 78/89 | Tertile 1 (0.22, 8.55) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (8.55, 47.21) | 2.22 (−2.24, 6.67) | 0.74 (−3.78, 5.27) | ||
| Tertile 3 (47.21, 513.55) | −0.24 (−4.34, 3.86) | 1.68 (−3.15, 6.51) | ||
| Triclosan | 183/185 | Tertile 1 (0.72, 5.12) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (5.12, 39.37) | 1.24 (−1.59, 4.08) | −0.22 (−3.40, 2.96) | ||
| Tertile 3 (39.37, 842.12) | 1.21 (−1.77, 4.20) | −0.33 (−3.31, 2.65) | ||
| PSRI4a | ||||
| Phenol | Sample size (boys/girls) | Urinary phenol level (Cutoff) | Boys β (95% CI) | Girls β (95% CI) |
| BP3 | 66/75 | Tertile 1 (4.29, 29.30) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (29.30, 104.57) | −0.38 (−5.34, 4.59) | 3.01 (−2.12, 8.14) | ||
| Tertile 3 (104.57, 4769.08) | 1.27 (−4.02, 6.56) | 2.63 (−2.41, 7.67) | ||
| BPA | 66/74 | Tertile 1 (0.35, 1.33) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (1.33, 1.96) | **5.69 (−0.55, 10.82) ** | −0.61 (−5.57, 4.36) | ||
| Tertile 3 (1.96, 8.83) | 2.85 (−2.82, 8.51) | 0.18 (−4.62, 4.98) | ||
| BPS | 64/74 | Tertile 1 (0.09, 0.38) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.38, 0.66) | 1.95 (−3.15, 7.05) | −0.77 (−6.20, 4.66) | ||
| Tertile 3 (0.66, 2.19) | 2.27 (−3.35, 7.88) | 1.77 (−2.93, 6.47) | ||
| DCP24 | 66/76 | Tertile 1 (0.14, 0.64) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (0.64, 1.37) | 1.78 (−3.41, 6.97) | 3.88 (−0.76, 8.53) | ||
| Tertile 3 (1.37, 17.61) | 5.15 (−1.63, 10.94) | −2.92 (−7.46, 1.63) | ||
| DCP25 | 66/75 | Tertile 1 (0.57, 4.87) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (4.87, 16.00) | 1.85 (−4.87, 8.57) | 0.91 (−4.82, 6.65) | ||
| Tertile 3 (16.00, 709.25) | **6.45 (−0.16, 13.06) ** | −2.83 (−8.78, 3.12) | ||
| Methylparaben | 65/74 | Tertile 1 (2.45, 44.31) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (44.31, 206.99) | **−4.61 (−10.01, 0.79) ** | −3.91 (−8.92, 1.10) | ||
| Tertile 3 (206.99, 1014.06) | −0.73 (−5.72, 4.26) | −2.55 (−7.88, 2.77) | ||
| Propylparaben | 65/76 | Tertile 1 (0.38, 8.53) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (8.53, 38.41) | 0.11 (−5.33, 5.55) | 1.44 (−3.50, 6.38) | ||
| Tertile 3 (38.41, 513.55) | 1.36 (−3.88, 6.61) | −1.32 (−6.54, 3.89) | ||
| Triclosan | 65/74 | Tertile 1 (1.11, 4.99) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Tertile 2 (4.99, 40.36) | −2.67 (−7.64, 2.30) | 1.27 (−4.07, 6.61) | ||
| Tertile 3 (40.36, 636.41) | −3.41 (−8.87, 2.06) | −2.25 (−7.36, 2.85) | ||
BP3, benzophenone-3; BPA, bisphenol A; BPS, bisphenol S; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CI, confidence interval; DCP24, 2,4-dichlorophenol; DCP25, 2,5-dichlorophenol; PSD4a, PROMIS Parent Proxy Short Form-Sleep Disturbance 4a; PSRI4a, PROMIS Parent Proxy Short Form Sleep-related Impairment 4a.
Model adjusted for child age in years (at outcome assessment), child gestational age at birth, highest level of maternal education (<high school, high school or equivalent, and some college or more), and maternal age at delivery.
Bolding indicates significance at the p<0.05 level.
Higher scores on sleep measures indicate more sleep issues.