Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of training and validation sets in DKD patients.
| Parameter | ALL (N = 337) | Training set (N = 180) | Internal validation set (N = 78) | External validation set (N = 79) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | 0.255 | ||||
| Male | 242 (71.81%) | 136 (75.56%) | 52 (66.67%) | 54 (68.35%) | |
| Female | 95 (28.19%) | 44 (24.44%) | 26 (33.33%) | 25 (31.65%) | |
| Age (years), median [IQR] | 52.00 [45.00–59.00] | 52.00 [45.00–58.00] | 52.50 [45.00–58.75] | 53.00 [48.00–60.50] | 0.440 |
| BMI (kg/m²), median [IQR] | 26.34 [23.72–28.73] | 26.17 [23.98–28.37] | 26.09 [23.23–28.37] | 27.41 [23.33–30.88] | 0.136 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.010 | ||||
| No | 45 (13.35%) | 16 (8.89%) | 11 (14.10%) | 18 (22.78%) | |
| Yes | 292 (86.65%) | 164 (91.11%) | 67 (85.90%) | 61 (77.22%) | |
| SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 144.37 ± 23.19 | 145.70 ± 23.35 | 140.60 ± 23.38 | 145.08 ± 22.55 | 0.257 |
| DBP (mmHg), median [IQR] | 83.00 [74.00–91.00] | 84.50 [74.00–92.25] | 79.50 [74.00–88.00] | 85.00 [77.00–92.00] | 0.087 |
| MAP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 104.63 ± 16.05 | 104.61 ± 15.19 | 100.73 ± 14.65 | 108.54 ± 18.35 | 0.009 |
| DR, n (%) | 0.397 | ||||
| No | 168 (49.85%) | 95 (52.78%) | 34 (43.59%) | 39 (49.37%) | |
| Yes | 169 (50.15%) | 85 (47.22%) | 44 (56.41%) | 40 (50.63%) | |
| RAASi, n (%) | 0.440 | ||||
| No | 111 (32.94%) | 58 (32.22%) | 30 (38.46%) | 23 (29.11%) | |
| Yes | 226 (67.06%) | 122 (67.78%) | 48 (61.54%) | 56 (70.89%) | |
| SGLT2i, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 231 (68.55%) | 138 (76.67%) | 51 (65.38%) | 42 (53.16%) | |
| Yes | 106 (31.45%) | 42 (23.33%) | 27 (34.62%) | 37 (46.84%) | |
| nsMRA, n (%) | 0.007 | ||||
| No | 250 (74.18%) | 142 (78.89%) | 60 (76.92%) | 48 (60.76%) | |
| Yes | 87 (25.82%) | 38 (21.11%) | 18 (23.08%) | 31 (39.24%) | |
| TCM, n (%) | 0.351 | ||||
| No | 327 (97.03%) | 175 (97.22%) | 74 (94.87%) | 78 (98.73%) | |
| Yes | 10 (2.97%) | 5 (2.78%) | 4 (5.13%) | 1 (1.27%) | |
| Diabetes duration (months) median [IQR] |
116.00 [60.00–168.00] | 120.00 [60.00–180.00] | 109.00 [55.76–165.00] | 108.00 [45.00–156.00] | 0.641 |
Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; DR: diabetic retinopathy.
RAASi: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; SGLT2i: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; nsMRA: Non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine; IQR: Interquartile range.
*Note: Diabetes duration was calculated from the date of diabetic diagnosis to the kidney biopsy.