Table 1.
The Baseline characteristics and quality assessment of eligible studies.
| References | Country | Study design | Study period/duration | Total participants, n (LS/non-LS) | Male sex, n (%) | Mean age, years (SD) | Mean BMI (SD) | Location of LS | Confounders | Newcastle-Ottawa scale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bieber et al. | US | RC | 2015–2017 | 2168, 2020 (10,004/21,672,016) | 0 (0) | Total participants: 50.8a | NR | NR | NA | Selection: 3, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 3 |
| Cooper et al. | UK | CC | LS group: 2 years | 1238 (316/922) | 0 (0) | LS group: 63a non-LS group: 62a |
NR | Vulva | NA | Selection: 3, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 2 |
| Dulska et al. | Poland | RC | 2020–2021 | 55 (20/35) | 0 (0) | LS group: 10 years and 9 monthsa non-LS group: 10 years and 9 monthsa |
NR | Vulva, specifically involving the labia minora, clitoral hood and perianal region | NA | Selection: 3, Comparability: 2, Outcome: 3 |
| Fan et al. [13] |
US | CC | 2018–2022 | 3825 (765/3060) | 0 (0) | LS group: 66.2 (12.5)a Non-LS group: 66.2 (12.5)a |
NR | NR | Age, race and smoking status | Selection: 4, Comparability: 2, Outcome: 3 |
| Goolamali et al. [22] | UK | CC | NR | 469 (25/443) | 1 (0.21) | LS group: 55.2a | NR | NR | NA | Selection: 3, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 3 |
| Gulin et al. [14] | Sweden | RC | LS group: 2001–2021 | 368,248 (5680/362,568) | LS: 1802 (31.73) non-LS: 184,848 (50.98) |
LS group: 57b non-LS group: 40b |
NR | NR | age, sex | Selection: 3, Comparability: 0, Outcome: 3 |
| Halonen et al. [15] |
Finland | CC | 1998–2016 | 42,768 (10,692/32,076) | 0 (0) | LS group: 60.8a non-LS group: 60.8a |
NR | NR | NA | Selection: 4, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 3 |
| Harrington and Dunsmore [29] | UK | CS | 4 years | 100 (50/50) | NR | LS group: 54.9 (17.6)a non-LS group: NR |
NR | Vulva, perianal, anogenital and extragenital region | NA | Selection: 3, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 3 |
| Hieta et al. [27] | Finland | CS | 2004– 2012 | 5000 (455/4545) | 0 (0) | LS group: 64.4a non-LS group: NR |
NR | NR | NA | Selection: 4, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 3 |
| Hieta et al. [28] | Finland | CS | 2004–2012 | 6930 (630/6300) | 6930 (100) | LS group: 39.2a non-LS group: NR |
NR | NR | NA | Selection: 4, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 3 |
| Higgins and Cruickshank [26] |
UK | CC | NR | 158 (92/66) | 0 (0) | LS group: 65.0 (58.5, 71.5)b non-LS group: 46.0 (37.5, 53.0)b |
NR | Vulva | NA | Selection: 4, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 2 |
| Hu et al. [25] |
US | RC | 1996– 2019 | 1983 (865/1118) | 0 (0) | LS group: 54.4a (15.7) non-LS group: 42.9a (16.0) |
NR | Vulva | NA | Selection: 3, Comparability: 2, Outcome: 3 |
| Meyrick Thomas et al. [24] |
UK | CS | NR | 50 (25/25) | 50 (100) | LS group: 43a non-LS group: 44a |
NR | Penis, trunk and limbs | NA | Selection: 3, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 3 |
| Yen Luu et al. [23] |
US | CC | 2019–2021 | 135 (77/58) | 0 (0) | 71b | LS group: 29.8 (8.4) non-LS group: 24.9 (5.5) |
Vulva | NA | Selection: 4, Comparability: 1, Outcome: 3 |
BMI: body mass index; CC: case-control study; CI: confidence interval; CS: cross-sectional study; LS: lichen sclerosus; NA: not available; NR: not reported; PC: prospective cohort study; RC: retrospective cohort study; SD: standard deviation; UK: United Kingdom; US: United States
aThe data is presented in the form available from the study.
bMedian (IQR) is shown instead of mean (SD).