Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 20;18(1):2540167. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2025.2540167

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics.

  Mean St. dev. (SD) Min Max
Log of all-cause mortality rate 6.61 1.41 3.47 10.30
Parent-child educational correlation 0.44 0.12 0.05 0.78
Stagnant educational mobility 0.35 0.07 0.10 0.67
Downward educational mobility 0.25 0.08 0.00 0.56
Upward educational mobility 0.15 0.05 0.02 0.36
Mean years of education 10.90 3.01 0.95 16.58
Log of GDP per capita in USD 9.33 1.13 6.93 11.41
Unemployment rate (%) 8.76 5.72 0.50 29.00
Health spending as a share of GDP (%) 7.63 2.42 3.04 16.82
Income Gini index 0.39 0.08 0.25 0.71
Political freedoms 2.45 1.62 1.00 7.00

Sources: The WHO Mortality Database; The World Bank’s Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility (GDIM); The World Development Indicators; The Standardized World Income Inequality Database; Freedom in the World data-set.