Table 1.

Characteristics of the questionnaires used in the study.

Name of the questionnaire	Abbreviation	References	No. of Items	Score range	Cronbach's alpha (at baseline in our sample)	Brief description & objective
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5	CAPS-5	(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)	30	0–80 (Total Severity)	0.914	Gold-standard clinician interview assessing DSM-5 PTSD symptom severity (20 symptoms), onset, duration, distress, and functional impairment. Provides a total severity score.
PTSD Checklist for DSM-5	PCL-5	(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)	20	0–80 (Total Severity)	0.916	Self-report measure mirroring the 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. Assesses symptom severity over the past month, yielding a total score often used for probable PTSD screening.
International Trauma Questionnaire for ICD-11	ITQ	(Cloitre et al., 2018)	18	0–24 (for both PTSD and DSO subscores)	0.885	Self-report measure assessing both PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms according to ICD-11 criteria, through Disturbances in Self-Organization (DSO) symptoms, allowing for a nuanced evaluation of trauma-related distress.
Beck Depression Inventory II	BDI-II	(Collet & Cottraux, 1986)	13	0–39	0.921	Self-report questionnaire widely used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms, covering cognitive, affective, somatic, and vegetative aspects. Higher scores indicate greater severity.
Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness	MAIA	(Mehling et al., 2012)	32	0–5 per item (8 subscales)	0.848	Self-report questionnaire assessing multiple dimensions of interoceptive awareness (e.g. noticing bodily sensations, not distracting from them, emotion regulation through body awareness).
Dissociative Experiences Scale	DES	(E. M. Bernstein & Putnam, 1986)	28	0–100 (Frequency)	0.960	Self-report measure assessing the frequency and range of dissociative experiences, including symptoms like amnesia, depersonalisation, derealization, and absorption.
State Trait Anxiety Inventory	STAI	(Spielberger et al., 1970)	40 (2 × 20)	20–80 for the 2 subscales	0.970 (STAI-A) 0.917 (STAI-B)	Self-report measure composed of two subscales: State Anxiety (current feelings) and Trait Anxiety (general disposition), providing insights into both immediate and general anxiety levels.
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale	DERS	(Gratz & Roemer, 2004)	36	36–180	0.891	Comprehensive self-report measure assessing various facets of emotion dysregulation across six subscales (e.g. non-acceptance, impulse control, limited strategies). Higher scores indicate greater difficulties.
Childhood Traumatic Experiences Questionnaire	CTQ	(Bernstein & Fink, 1998)	28	5–125 for the total score (5–25 for each of the 5 subscales)	0.877	Self-report questionnaire used to screen for a history of childhood abuse and neglect across five forms: emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect.